PSY1BNA Exam With Correct Actual Questions And Correctly Well Defined Answers.

Neuroscience - correct answer The study of the nervous system Behavioural neuroscience - correct answer The study of biological bases of psychological processes and behaviour Major perspectives that are used to study the biology of behaviour - correct answer 1. Describing behaviour 2. Studying evolution of behaviour 3. Observing the development of behaviour and its biological characteristics over the life span 4. Studying biological mechanisms of behaviour 5. Studying applications of behavioural neuroscience - for example, its applications to dysfunctions of human behaviour Behaviour - correct answer Can be described in terms of acts or processes, or in terms of results or functions Conserved - correct answer A trait that is passed on from a common ancestor Ontogeny - correct answer The process by which an individual changes throughout its life-span Three approaches to studying brain and behaviour - correct answer Somatic intervention, behavioural intervention, interaction between somatic and behavioural variables Somatic intervention - correct answer Alteration of a structure or function to see how behaviour is altered Independent variable - correct answer The factor that is being manipulated Dependent variable - correct answer What is measured in response to changes in the independent variable Behavioural intervention - correct answer Intervention in a behaviour to see how structure or function is altered Correlation - correct answer Measures how much a body measure varies with a variable measure - but correlation does not imply causation Neuroplasticity (neural plasticity) - correct answer The ability of the brain to be changed by the environment and by experience Cingulate cortex - correct answer Involved with processing emotion Is affected by the expectation of stimulus intensity Levels of analysis - correct answer Range from social interaction down to the molecular level Reductionism - correct answer Breaks a system down into its smaller parts, in order to understand it Neurological or psychiatric disorder - correct answer One person in 5 suffers from this Modern behavioural neuroscience - correct answer Arose in the 20th century Several studies were conducted on: Learning and memory Conditioning Perception Motivation Consciousness - correct answer Is important and connected to brain activity Allows us to do important things like planning and reaching conclusions Deep parts of the brain - correct answer Important for arousal Topmost parts of the brain - correct answer Responsible for current experience Nullfield Council on Bioethics (2005) - correct answer The 'anything goes' view The 'on balance justification' view The 'moral dilemma' view The 'abolitionist' view The 'anything goes' view - correct answer If humans see value in research involving animals, then it requires no further ethical justification The 'on balance justification' view - correct answer Research involving animals is morally acceptable if the costs are outweighed by the benefits, but every reasonable step must be taken to reduce the harm to animals The 'moral dilemma' view - correct answer Most forms of research involving animals pose moral dilemmas. Animal research is morally unacceptable, but so is avoiding research that could be beneficial to humans or animals. The 'abolitionist' view - correct answer There is no moral justification for any harmful research on animals that is not to the benefit of the individual animal. Humans experiment on animals not because it is right but because they can Sheep in meat industry - correct answer 15.7 million Beef cattle in meat industry - correct answer 2.1 million Pigs in meat industry - correct answer 529,903 Chickens in meat industry - correct answer 137 million Total animals in meat industry - correct answer 153 million Total animal use in Victoria (non meat) - correct answer 1,068,034 (Mice, 38%; Fish, 24%; Marmoset/Macaque, 0.017%; Rabbit(lab), 0.1%) Animals used in research and teaching - correct answer 117,374 Animals used in environmental - correct answer 305,335 Animals used in animal management/production - correct answer 69,443 Animals used in understanding human/animal health/welfare - correct answer 217.975 Animals used in understanding human/animal biology - correct answer 357,907 Principles of animal research (Marshall Hall, 1835) - correct answer 1. The lack of alternative 2. A clear objective 3. The avoidance of repetition of work 4. The need to minimise suffering 5. Full and detailed publication of the results Three Rs - correct answer Replacement, Reduction, Refinement Replacement - correct answer Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used Reduction - correct answer Refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used Refinement - correct answer Refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimise pain and distress Role of the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) - correct answer To ensure: - That animals are used only for worthwhile experiments that promise to advance knowledge in the field - That all necessary steps are taken to minimise pain and distress experience by the experimental animals - That all possible alternatives to the use of animals are considered Category A of AEC - correct answer A veterinarian who has no association with the university Category B of AEC - correct answer A suitably qualified person with substantial recent experience in the use of animals in scientific or teaching activities Category C of AEC - correct answer A person with demonstrable commitment to, and established experience in, furthering the welfare of animals, who is not employed by or otherwise associated with the institution, and who is not involved in the care and use of animals for scientific purposes Category D of AEC - correct answer A person who is both independent of the institution and who has never been involved in the use of animals in scientific and teaching activities Neurons - correct answer Arranged in circuits that underlie the simplest and most complex behaviours Chemical neurons - correct answer Neurotransmitters and hormones Glial cells - correct answer Provide various forms of support and make contributions to information processing Functions of glia - correct answer Surround neurons and hold them in place Supply nutrients and oxygen Insulation Destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons Synaptic transmission Afferent - correct answer Incoming Refers to sensory information coming into the CNS Efferent - correct answer Outgoing Refers to information leaving the CNS