©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHS3300 – Diabetes Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Metabolism - answer✔All the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of the body -
includes reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
absorptive state - answer✔first 4 hours after a meal (commanding hormone is insulin)
post-absorptive state - answer✔any time after the 4 hours until your next meal (commanding
hormone is glucagon)
hyperglycemia - answer✔excessive sugar in the blood where insulin must be kicked into gear
hypoglycemia - answer✔abnormally low level of sugar in the blood where glucagon kicks into
gear
factors that affect blood-glucose concentration - answer✔INCREASE:
1 - glucose absorption from digestive tract
2 - hepatic glucose production (glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis)
DECREASE
1 - transport of glucose into the cells (glycogenesis)
2 - urinary excretion of glucose
The pancreas - answer✔The hormonal control of blood glucose resides largely with the
endocrine pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine (80%) and endocrine functions
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
exocrine part of pancreas - answer✔composed of the acini, secretes digestive juices into
duodenum via special ducts
endocrine part of pancreas - answer✔composed of the islets of Langerhans (~1-2 million)
secrete insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to blood
Islets of Langerhans - answer✔cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that
organ
beta cells
alpha cells
delta cells
f - cells
beta cells - answer✔60%
produce proinsulin (inactive form of hormone that must be cleaved or modified for a final
product)
Stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted together
alpha cells - answer✔25%
produce & secrete glucagon into the blood.
delta cells - answer✔10%
produce somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)
f - cells - answer✔produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (plays a role in digestion)
insulin secretion and action - answer✔promotes uptake of macronutrients (lowers the
concentration of monomers in the blood supply)
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, & amino acid; enhances their conversion into
glycogen, triglycerides, & proteins, respectively
secretion is increased during the absorptive state
liver (insulin) - answer✔Primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
Principal site for metabolic interconversions e.g. gluconeogenesis when taking amino acids
Can release glycogen systemically as glucose
adipose tissue (insulin) - answer✔Primary energy storage site (fat cells)
Important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
muscle (insulin) - answer✔Primary site of amino acid storage
Major energy user
In resting state it uses free fatty acids but once you start exercising and the contractions go, the
muscle becomes sensitive to amounts of insulin (pulls glucose from bloodstream)
brain (insulin) - answer✔Normally can only use glucose as an energy source
Does not store glycogen (does not have its own reserve) / mandatory blood glucose levels must
be maintained and circulated
Doesn't have the option to just break up glycogen
nervous system during insulin secretion - answer✔Sympathetic: inhibits the release of insulin
by islet b-cells as the body is in a fight or flight (slowing of digestive processes), glucagon is
promoted
3|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHS3300 – Diabetes Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Metabolism - answer✔All the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of the body -
includes reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
absorptive state - answer✔first 4 hours after a meal (commanding hormone is insulin)
post-absorptive state - answer✔any time after the 4 hours until your next meal (commanding
hormone is glucagon)
hyperglycemia - answer✔excessive sugar in the blood where insulin must be kicked into gear
hypoglycemia - answer✔abnormally low level of sugar in the blood where glucagon kicks into
gear
factors that affect blood-glucose concentration - answer✔INCREASE:
1 - glucose absorption from digestive tract
2 - hepatic glucose production (glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis)
DECREASE
1 - transport of glucose into the cells (glycogenesis)
2 - urinary excretion of glucose
The pancreas - answer✔The hormonal control of blood glucose resides largely with the
endocrine pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine (80%) and endocrine functions
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
exocrine part of pancreas - answer✔composed of the acini, secretes digestive juices into
duodenum via special ducts
endocrine part of pancreas - answer✔composed of the islets of Langerhans (~1-2 million)
secrete insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to blood
Islets of Langerhans - answer✔cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that
organ
beta cells
alpha cells
delta cells
f - cells
beta cells - answer✔60%
produce proinsulin (inactive form of hormone that must be cleaved or modified for a final
product)
Stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted together
alpha cells - answer✔25%
produce & secrete glucagon into the blood.
delta cells - answer✔10%
produce somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)
f - cells - answer✔produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (plays a role in digestion)
insulin secretion and action - answer✔promotes uptake of macronutrients (lowers the
concentration of monomers in the blood supply)
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, & amino acid; enhances their conversion into
glycogen, triglycerides, & proteins, respectively
secretion is increased during the absorptive state
liver (insulin) - answer✔Primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
Principal site for metabolic interconversions e.g. gluconeogenesis when taking amino acids
Can release glycogen systemically as glucose
adipose tissue (insulin) - answer✔Primary energy storage site (fat cells)
Important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
muscle (insulin) - answer✔Primary site of amino acid storage
Major energy user
In resting state it uses free fatty acids but once you start exercising and the contractions go, the
muscle becomes sensitive to amounts of insulin (pulls glucose from bloodstream)
brain (insulin) - answer✔Normally can only use glucose as an energy source
Does not store glycogen (does not have its own reserve) / mandatory blood glucose levels must
be maintained and circulated
Doesn't have the option to just break up glycogen
nervous system during insulin secretion - answer✔Sympathetic: inhibits the release of insulin
by islet b-cells as the body is in a fight or flight (slowing of digestive processes), glucagon is
promoted
3|Page
