Disorders of Childhood – Developmental
and Psychopathology
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Models of Child Development, Psychopathology, and Treatment...................................................6
Dimensional models.............................................................................................................................................6
Categorical models...............................................................................................................................................6
Physiological models............................................................................................................................................6
Psychodynamic models........................................................................................................................................7
Behavioral and cognitive models.........................................................................................................................7
Humanistic and positive psychology models........................................................................................................7
Family models......................................................................................................................................................7
Sociocultural models............................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3 Principles and Practices of Developmental Psychopathology..........................................................9
Developmental pathways, stability and change..................................................................................................9
Competence and incompetence...........................................................................................................................9
Risk and resilience................................................................................................................................................9
Types of risk factors..............................................................................................................................................9
Numbers and timing of risk factors....................................................................................................................10
Risk: Example of child maltreatment.................................................................................................................10
Resilience and protective factors.......................................................................................................................10
Types of protective factors.................................................................................................................................10
Research strategies in developmental psychopathology...................................................................................11
Chapter 4 Classification, Assessment and Diagnosis, and Intervention..........................................................12
Classification......................................................................................................................................................12
Dimensional classification..................................................................................................................................12
Heterogeneity, comorbidity and transdiagnostic symptoms.............................................................................13
Alternative approaches to classification............................................................................................................13
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................14
Primary, secondary and tertiary interventions..................................................................................................14
Chapter 5 Disorders of Early Childhood........................................................................................................ 15
Psychological functioning...................................................................................................................................15
, Temperament.....................................................................................................................................................15
Dimensions of temperament.........................................................................................................................15
Attachment.........................................................................................................................................................16
Resistant attachment (or anxious/ambivalent attachment).........................................................................16
Avoidant attachment (or anxious/avoidant attachment).............................................................................16
Disorganized attachment...............................................................................................................................16
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder..........................................................................................................18
Sleep-wake disorder...........................................................................................................................................18
Disorders of Attachment....................................................................................................................................18
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD).............................................................................................................18
Assessment and diagnosis.............................................................................................................................19
Chapter 6 Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorders........................................................20
Developmental tasks and challenges related to intelligence and cognition......................................................20
Components and mechanisms of intelligence...............................................................................................20
CHC model (Cattel-Horn-Carroll)...................................................................................................................20
Cognitive and Intellectual Functioning across Development........................................................................21
Genes, the Brain and the Environment.........................................................................................................21
Measures of Intelligence...............................................................................................................................21
Intellectual Developmental Disorder..................................................................................................................21
Zigler’s Developmental Approach to Intellectual Developmental Disorder.................................................22
Genotypes and Neurobehavioral Phenotypes..............................................................................................22
Down Syndrome.................................................................................................................................................22
Williams Syndrome.............................................................................................................................................23
Fragile X syndrome.............................................................................................................................................23
Examples of Prenatal, perinatal, and Postnatal Risk Factors in Intellectual Developmental Disorder.............24
Prenatal..........................................................................................................................................................24
Perinatal.........................................................................................................................................................24
Postnatal........................................................................................................................................................24
Language, communication, executive functioning and learning.......................................................................24
Maladaptive behavior and comorbid disorders.................................................................................................25
Learning disorders..............................................................................................................................................25
Specific learning disorder (SLD).....................................................................................................................25
Chapter 7 Autism Spectrum Disorder........................................................................................................... 26
Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs)..............................................................................................................26
Comorbid conditions..........................................................................................................................................26
Infancy and childhood........................................................................................................................................27
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................27
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................27
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................27
Social and cognitive factors...........................................................................................................................27
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................28
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter 8 Maltreatment and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.........................................................29
Coping strategies................................................................................................................................................29
Acceptance....................................................................................................................................................29
, Cognitive reappraisal.....................................................................................................................................29
Emotional expression....................................................................................................................................29
Emotional suppression..................................................................................................................................29
Problem solving.............................................................................................................................................29
Distraction......................................................................................................................................................29
Avoidance......................................................................................................................................................29
Denial.............................................................................................................................................................29
Wishful thinking.............................................................................................................................................29
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders.............................................................................................................31
Short-term outcomes....................................................................................................................................31
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................31
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................31
Chapter 9 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......................................................................................32
Comorbid disorders............................................................................................................................................33
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................33
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................33
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................33
Chapter 10 Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder..................................................................34
Oppositional Defiant Disorder............................................................................................................................34
Developmental pathway................................................................................................................................35
Conduct Disorder................................................................................................................................................35
Developmental pathway................................................................................................................................36
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................36
Child and adolescent factors.........................................................................................................................36
Parent and family factors..............................................................................................................................37
Peer factors....................................................................................................................................................37
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................37
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................37
Chapter 11 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Somatic Symptom Disorders.................38
Anxiety disorder.................................................................................................................................................38
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD).................................................................................................................38
Phobic disorders............................................................................................................................................38
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)..............................................................................................................39
Panic disorder................................................................................................................................................39
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder..........................................................................................................................39
Somatic symptom disorders...............................................................................................................................39
Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)...............................................................39
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................40
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................40
Child factors...................................................................................................................................................40
Parent factors................................................................................................................................................40
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................40
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................40
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)...............................................................................................................40
Chapter 12 Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, and Suicidality.............................................................42
, Depressive disorder............................................................................................................................................42
Major depressive disorder.............................................................................................................................42
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)..................................................................................................42
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD).........................................................................................42
Bipolar disorders................................................................................................................................................42
Suicidality...........................................................................................................................................................44
Chapter 13 Eating Disorders......................................................................................................................... 45
Anorexia nervosa (AN).......................................................................................................................................45
Bulimia nervosa (BN)..........................................................................................................................................45
Binge eating disorder (BED)...............................................................................................................................45
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID).............................................................................................45
Atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN).......................................................................................................................46
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................46
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................46
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................46
Parent and family factors..............................................................................................................................46
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................46
Interventions......................................................................................................................................................47
Maudsley model of family therapy................................................................................................................47
Chapter 14 Substance-Related Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Psychotic Disorders.............................48
Developmental tasks and challenges related to brain development, self-regulation, and personality............48
Substance-related and addictive disorders........................................................................................................49
Frequently used drugs...................................................................................................................................49
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................50
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................50
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................50
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................50
Psychological factors.....................................................................................................................................50
Interventions......................................................................................................................................................51
Treatment......................................................................................................................................................51
Individual approaches....................................................................................................................................51
Personality disorders in adolescents and young adulthood...............................................................................51
and Psychopathology
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Models of Child Development, Psychopathology, and Treatment...................................................6
Dimensional models.............................................................................................................................................6
Categorical models...............................................................................................................................................6
Physiological models............................................................................................................................................6
Psychodynamic models........................................................................................................................................7
Behavioral and cognitive models.........................................................................................................................7
Humanistic and positive psychology models........................................................................................................7
Family models......................................................................................................................................................7
Sociocultural models............................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3 Principles and Practices of Developmental Psychopathology..........................................................9
Developmental pathways, stability and change..................................................................................................9
Competence and incompetence...........................................................................................................................9
Risk and resilience................................................................................................................................................9
Types of risk factors..............................................................................................................................................9
Numbers and timing of risk factors....................................................................................................................10
Risk: Example of child maltreatment.................................................................................................................10
Resilience and protective factors.......................................................................................................................10
Types of protective factors.................................................................................................................................10
Research strategies in developmental psychopathology...................................................................................11
Chapter 4 Classification, Assessment and Diagnosis, and Intervention..........................................................12
Classification......................................................................................................................................................12
Dimensional classification..................................................................................................................................12
Heterogeneity, comorbidity and transdiagnostic symptoms.............................................................................13
Alternative approaches to classification............................................................................................................13
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................14
Primary, secondary and tertiary interventions..................................................................................................14
Chapter 5 Disorders of Early Childhood........................................................................................................ 15
Psychological functioning...................................................................................................................................15
, Temperament.....................................................................................................................................................15
Dimensions of temperament.........................................................................................................................15
Attachment.........................................................................................................................................................16
Resistant attachment (or anxious/ambivalent attachment).........................................................................16
Avoidant attachment (or anxious/avoidant attachment).............................................................................16
Disorganized attachment...............................................................................................................................16
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder..........................................................................................................18
Sleep-wake disorder...........................................................................................................................................18
Disorders of Attachment....................................................................................................................................18
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD).............................................................................................................18
Assessment and diagnosis.............................................................................................................................19
Chapter 6 Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorders........................................................20
Developmental tasks and challenges related to intelligence and cognition......................................................20
Components and mechanisms of intelligence...............................................................................................20
CHC model (Cattel-Horn-Carroll)...................................................................................................................20
Cognitive and Intellectual Functioning across Development........................................................................21
Genes, the Brain and the Environment.........................................................................................................21
Measures of Intelligence...............................................................................................................................21
Intellectual Developmental Disorder..................................................................................................................21
Zigler’s Developmental Approach to Intellectual Developmental Disorder.................................................22
Genotypes and Neurobehavioral Phenotypes..............................................................................................22
Down Syndrome.................................................................................................................................................22
Williams Syndrome.............................................................................................................................................23
Fragile X syndrome.............................................................................................................................................23
Examples of Prenatal, perinatal, and Postnatal Risk Factors in Intellectual Developmental Disorder.............24
Prenatal..........................................................................................................................................................24
Perinatal.........................................................................................................................................................24
Postnatal........................................................................................................................................................24
Language, communication, executive functioning and learning.......................................................................24
Maladaptive behavior and comorbid disorders.................................................................................................25
Learning disorders..............................................................................................................................................25
Specific learning disorder (SLD).....................................................................................................................25
Chapter 7 Autism Spectrum Disorder........................................................................................................... 26
Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs)..............................................................................................................26
Comorbid conditions..........................................................................................................................................26
Infancy and childhood........................................................................................................................................27
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................27
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................27
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................27
Social and cognitive factors...........................................................................................................................27
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................28
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter 8 Maltreatment and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.........................................................29
Coping strategies................................................................................................................................................29
Acceptance....................................................................................................................................................29
, Cognitive reappraisal.....................................................................................................................................29
Emotional expression....................................................................................................................................29
Emotional suppression..................................................................................................................................29
Problem solving.............................................................................................................................................29
Distraction......................................................................................................................................................29
Avoidance......................................................................................................................................................29
Denial.............................................................................................................................................................29
Wishful thinking.............................................................................................................................................29
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders.............................................................................................................31
Short-term outcomes....................................................................................................................................31
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................31
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................31
Chapter 9 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......................................................................................32
Comorbid disorders............................................................................................................................................33
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................33
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................33
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................33
Chapter 10 Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder..................................................................34
Oppositional Defiant Disorder............................................................................................................................34
Developmental pathway................................................................................................................................35
Conduct Disorder................................................................................................................................................35
Developmental pathway................................................................................................................................36
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................36
Child and adolescent factors.........................................................................................................................36
Parent and family factors..............................................................................................................................37
Peer factors....................................................................................................................................................37
Assessment and diagnosis..................................................................................................................................37
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................37
Chapter 11 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Somatic Symptom Disorders.................38
Anxiety disorder.................................................................................................................................................38
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD).................................................................................................................38
Phobic disorders............................................................................................................................................38
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)..............................................................................................................39
Panic disorder................................................................................................................................................39
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder..........................................................................................................................39
Somatic symptom disorders...............................................................................................................................39
Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)...............................................................39
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................40
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................40
Child factors...................................................................................................................................................40
Parent factors................................................................................................................................................40
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................40
Intervention........................................................................................................................................................40
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)...............................................................................................................40
Chapter 12 Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, and Suicidality.............................................................42
, Depressive disorder............................................................................................................................................42
Major depressive disorder.............................................................................................................................42
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)..................................................................................................42
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD).........................................................................................42
Bipolar disorders................................................................................................................................................42
Suicidality...........................................................................................................................................................44
Chapter 13 Eating Disorders......................................................................................................................... 45
Anorexia nervosa (AN).......................................................................................................................................45
Bulimia nervosa (BN)..........................................................................................................................................45
Binge eating disorder (BED)...............................................................................................................................45
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID).............................................................................................45
Atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN).......................................................................................................................46
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................46
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................46
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................46
Parent and family factors..............................................................................................................................46
Environmental factors...................................................................................................................................46
Interventions......................................................................................................................................................47
Maudsley model of family therapy................................................................................................................47
Chapter 14 Substance-Related Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Psychotic Disorders.............................48
Developmental tasks and challenges related to brain development, self-regulation, and personality............48
Substance-related and addictive disorders........................................................................................................49
Frequently used drugs...................................................................................................................................49
Developmental course........................................................................................................................................50
Etiology...............................................................................................................................................................50
Genes and heredity........................................................................................................................................50
Physiological factors......................................................................................................................................50
Psychological factors.....................................................................................................................................50
Interventions......................................................................................................................................................51
Treatment......................................................................................................................................................51
Individual approaches....................................................................................................................................51
Personality disorders in adolescents and young adulthood...............................................................................51
