ATDH Biology
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1. Cell membrane Hold cellular components and are mainly composed of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
2. Organelles Cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipids bilat-
eral (membrane bound)
Are located within the cytosol (aqueous intracellular fluid)
and help make up the cytoplasm
Only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles
3. Nucleoid Where prokaryotes keep their genetic material
4. Nucleus Primarily functions to protect and house DNA
DNA replication and translation occurs here
5. Nucleoplasm Cytoplasm of the nucleus
6. Nuclear enve- Membrane of the nucleus
lope Contains two phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear
space in the middle
7. Nuclear pores Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to
travel in and out of the nucleus
8. Nuclear lamina Provides structural support to the nucleus, as well as
regulating DNA and cell division
9. Nucleolus Dense area that is responsible for making rRNA and
producing ribosomal subunits
10. Ribosomes Work as small factories that carry out translation
Composed of ribosomal subunits
11. Rough er Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear enve-
lope and is "rough" because it has ribosomes embedded
in it
12. Lumen Inside of the rough er
13. Smooth er
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Not continuous with other membranes
Main function is to synthesize lipids, produce steroid hor-
mones, and detoxify cells
14. Golgi apparatus Made up of cisternae (flattened sacs) that modify and
package substances
15. Lysosomes Membrane-bound organelles that break down sub-
stances (through hydrolysis) taken in through endocytosis
16. Transport vac- transport materials between organelles
uoles
17. Food vacuoles temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with
lysosomes
18. Central Very large in plants and have specialized membrane
vaacuoles called the tonoplast
Function in storage and material breakdown
19. Storage vac- store starches, pigments, and toxic substances
uoles
20. Contractile vac- Found in single-called organisms and works to actively
uoles pump out excess water
21. Endomembrane Group of organelles and membranes that work together
system to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that
are entering or exiting a cell
Includes the nucleus, rough and smooth ERs, Golgi ap-
paratus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane
22. Peroxisomes Perform hydrolysis, break down stored fatty acids, and
help with detoxification
23. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP for energy use through cellular respiration
24. Chloroplasts Found in plants and some protists
Carry out photosynthesis
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25. Centrosomes Organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of cen-
trioles
26. Cytoskeleton Provides structure and function within the cytoplasm
27. Microfilaments Smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed
of a double helix made of two actin filaments
28. Cyclosis 'stirring of the cytoplasm'; organelles and vesicles travel
on microfilament "tracks".
29. Cleavage furrow during cell division, actin microfilaments form contractile
rings that split the cell
30. Muscle contrac- actin microfilaments have directionality, allowing myosin
tion motor proteins to pull on them for muscle contraction
31. Intermediate fila- Between microfilaments and microtubules in size
ments More stable than microfilaments and mainly help with
structural support
32. Microtubules Largest in size and give structural integrity to cells
Hollow and have walls made of tubulin protein dimers
33. Centrioles Hollow cylinders made of nine triplets of microtubules
34. Centrosomes Contain a pair of centrioles oriented at 90 degree angle
to one-another
35. Extracellular ma- Provides extracellular mechanical support for cells
trix
36. Cell walls Carbohydrate-based structures that act like a substitute
ECM because they provide structural support to cells that
either do not have ECM, or minimal ECM
37. Glycocalyx Glycolipid/glycoproteins coat found mainly on bacterial
and animal epithelial cells
Helps with adhesion, protection, and cell recognition
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fi5zzk
1. Cell membrane Hold cellular components and are mainly composed of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
2. Organelles Cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipids bilat-
eral (membrane bound)
Are located within the cytosol (aqueous intracellular fluid)
and help make up the cytoplasm
Only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles
3. Nucleoid Where prokaryotes keep their genetic material
4. Nucleus Primarily functions to protect and house DNA
DNA replication and translation occurs here
5. Nucleoplasm Cytoplasm of the nucleus
6. Nuclear enve- Membrane of the nucleus
lope Contains two phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear
space in the middle
7. Nuclear pores Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to
travel in and out of the nucleus
8. Nuclear lamina Provides structural support to the nucleus, as well as
regulating DNA and cell division
9. Nucleolus Dense area that is responsible for making rRNA and
producing ribosomal subunits
10. Ribosomes Work as small factories that carry out translation
Composed of ribosomal subunits
11. Rough er Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear enve-
lope and is "rough" because it has ribosomes embedded
in it
12. Lumen Inside of the rough er
13. Smooth er
, ATDH Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fi5zzk
Not continuous with other membranes
Main function is to synthesize lipids, produce steroid hor-
mones, and detoxify cells
14. Golgi apparatus Made up of cisternae (flattened sacs) that modify and
package substances
15. Lysosomes Membrane-bound organelles that break down sub-
stances (through hydrolysis) taken in through endocytosis
16. Transport vac- transport materials between organelles
uoles
17. Food vacuoles temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with
lysosomes
18. Central Very large in plants and have specialized membrane
vaacuoles called the tonoplast
Function in storage and material breakdown
19. Storage vac- store starches, pigments, and toxic substances
uoles
20. Contractile vac- Found in single-called organisms and works to actively
uoles pump out excess water
21. Endomembrane Group of organelles and membranes that work together
system to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that
are entering or exiting a cell
Includes the nucleus, rough and smooth ERs, Golgi ap-
paratus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane
22. Peroxisomes Perform hydrolysis, break down stored fatty acids, and
help with detoxification
23. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP for energy use through cellular respiration
24. Chloroplasts Found in plants and some protists
Carry out photosynthesis
, ATDH Biology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fi5zzk
25. Centrosomes Organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of cen-
trioles
26. Cytoskeleton Provides structure and function within the cytoplasm
27. Microfilaments Smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed
of a double helix made of two actin filaments
28. Cyclosis 'stirring of the cytoplasm'; organelles and vesicles travel
on microfilament "tracks".
29. Cleavage furrow during cell division, actin microfilaments form contractile
rings that split the cell
30. Muscle contrac- actin microfilaments have directionality, allowing myosin
tion motor proteins to pull on them for muscle contraction
31. Intermediate fila- Between microfilaments and microtubules in size
ments More stable than microfilaments and mainly help with
structural support
32. Microtubules Largest in size and give structural integrity to cells
Hollow and have walls made of tubulin protein dimers
33. Centrioles Hollow cylinders made of nine triplets of microtubules
34. Centrosomes Contain a pair of centrioles oriented at 90 degree angle
to one-another
35. Extracellular ma- Provides extracellular mechanical support for cells
trix
36. Cell walls Carbohydrate-based structures that act like a substitute
ECM because they provide structural support to cells that
either do not have ECM, or minimal ECM
37. Glycocalyx Glycolipid/glycoproteins coat found mainly on bacterial
and animal epithelial cells
Helps with adhesion, protection, and cell recognition
