Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
Pragmatists They believe that reality must be experienced.
Erik Erikson eight stages of psychosocial development in which a healthy developing
individual passes through from infancy to adulthood.
Carol Gilligan The ethics of care is a theory about what makes actions morally right or
wrong. She has feminist roots that tie into this.
Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of moral development which states that morality starts from
childhood years and can be affected by several factors. Morality an be developed either
negatively or positively, depending on how an individual accomplishes the tasks before him
during each stage of moral development across lifespan.
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs. Students need to have basic needs met and feel safe
before learning can occur.
Maria Montessori A child centered educational approach. "Follow the hid, they will show
you what they need to do."
Jean Piaget Four stages of cognitive development. Children learn through actively
constructing knowledge through hands-on experience - is a description of cognitive development
(sensorimotor pre-operational, concrete, and formal).
B.F. Skinner Developed the theory of operant conditioning - A behaviorist idea that
behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make
it more or less likely that the behavior occur again.
Lev Vygotsky Created the Zone of Proximal Development - children learn through hands-
on experience, but unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
when a child is on the edge of learning a new task could help children learn new tasks. This
technique is called "scaffolding," because it builds upon knowledge children already have with
new knowledge that adults can help the child learn.
Cooperative learning students working in small groups is a successful teaching strategy in
which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning
activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not
only for learning what is taught but also helping. Teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere
of achievement. Students work through assignments until all group members successfully
understand and complete it.
Direct Instruction Explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of the
material, rather than exploratory models such as inquiry-based learning.
Discovery Learning Exploration of data and experiences. It's a method of inquiry-based
instruction. Believes it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves. As a
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
result, students may be more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their
own.
Whole-group discussion A form of classroom lecture where the focus is shared between
the instructor and the students for information transfer.
Independent study students sets own mode of study with goals.
Interdisciplinary instruction A method used to teach a unit across different curricular
disciplines. Integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment.
Concept Mapping A technique for representing knowledge in graphs. Knowledge graphs
are networks of concepts.
Questions With Complete Solutions
Pragmatists They believe that reality must be experienced.
Erik Erikson eight stages of psychosocial development in which a healthy developing
individual passes through from infancy to adulthood.
Carol Gilligan The ethics of care is a theory about what makes actions morally right or
wrong. She has feminist roots that tie into this.
Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of moral development which states that morality starts from
childhood years and can be affected by several factors. Morality an be developed either
negatively or positively, depending on how an individual accomplishes the tasks before him
during each stage of moral development across lifespan.
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs. Students need to have basic needs met and feel safe
before learning can occur.
Maria Montessori A child centered educational approach. "Follow the hid, they will show
you what they need to do."
Jean Piaget Four stages of cognitive development. Children learn through actively
constructing knowledge through hands-on experience - is a description of cognitive development
(sensorimotor pre-operational, concrete, and formal).
B.F. Skinner Developed the theory of operant conditioning - A behaviorist idea that
behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make
it more or less likely that the behavior occur again.
Lev Vygotsky Created the Zone of Proximal Development - children learn through hands-
on experience, but unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
when a child is on the edge of learning a new task could help children learn new tasks. This
technique is called "scaffolding," because it builds upon knowledge children already have with
new knowledge that adults can help the child learn.
Cooperative learning students working in small groups is a successful teaching strategy in
which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning
activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not
only for learning what is taught but also helping. Teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere
of achievement. Students work through assignments until all group members successfully
understand and complete it.
Direct Instruction Explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of the
material, rather than exploratory models such as inquiry-based learning.
Discovery Learning Exploration of data and experiences. It's a method of inquiry-based
instruction. Believes it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves. As a
, Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9
Questions With Complete Solutions
result, students may be more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their
own.
Whole-group discussion A form of classroom lecture where the focus is shared between
the instructor and the students for information transfer.
Independent study students sets own mode of study with goals.
Interdisciplinary instruction A method used to teach a unit across different curricular
disciplines. Integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment.
Concept Mapping A technique for representing knowledge in graphs. Knowledge graphs
are networks of concepts.
