NUR 631 Advanced Patho Final Exams Questions & Answers 2024/2025

NUR 631 Advanced Patho Final Exams Questions & Answers 2024/2025 Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and less commonly of the toes - ANS-Best describes Raynaud’s Disease Liver - ANS-Vitamin K is required for normal clotting factor synthesis by what? Gluten sensitive enteropathy - ANS-Characterized by damage to the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and impaired secretion of secretin, cholecystokinin, and pancreatic enzymes What causes a person with cystic fibrosis to experience an exocrine pancreatic insufficiency? - ANS-Pancreatic ducts are obstructed with mucus What factor associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac sprue) causes an infant to bruise and bleed easily? - ANS-Vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption Saliva contains which immunoglobulin? - ANS-IgA Where is the region responsible for motor aspects of speech located? - ANS-Broca frontal lobe Why status epilepticus is considered a medical emergency? - ANS-Cerebral Hypoxia Which condition poses the highest risk for CVA? - ANS-Hypertension Benign, slow growing tumor that arise from cells of anterior pituitary. Commonly secrete GH & prolactin - ANS-pituitary adenoma Permits backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular systole - ANS-Mitral regurgitation Most common etiologic agent is Epstein barr virus - ANS-infectious mononucleosis Slowly progressing blood cell cancer that begins in the bone marrow. - ANS-Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) 95% have Philadelphia chromosome present. Patient is usually asymptomatic. WBC elevated Cancer of lymphatic system. - ANS-Hodgkin lymphoma May produce free immunoglobulin light chain (Bence Jones protein) that is present in the blood and urine of 80% of patients Treatment for polycythemia - ANS-Phlebotomy How does the body compensate for anemia? - ANS-Kidneys release more erythropoietin What type of anemia is characterized by fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, brittle concave nails, and conjunctive of eyes - ANS-Iron Deficiency The underlying disorder of which anemia is a result of the defective secretion of the intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 - ANS-Pernicious which is also classified as a megaloblastic anemia Deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 alter the synthesis of what? - ANS-DNA PFT- pulmonary function test - ANS-The critical criteria for diagnosis of lung function. involves looking at the FEV1/FVC ratio as it will be less than 0.70 Aplastic anemia and pancytopenia develop as a result of? - ANS-Suppression of the bone marrow to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes Unregulated release of thrombin with subsequent fibrin formation and accelerated fibrinolysis - ANS-Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC Example of compensatory hyperplasia - ANS-Liver Regeneration What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate action potential - ANS-Sodium gates open, sodium rises into the cell which changes the membrane potential from negative to positive What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis? - ANS-Caseous Necrosis Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure - ANS-plasma oncotic When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, who is it inherited from? - ANS-Both parents are carriers What mechanism can cause hypernatremia? - ANS-Loss of H2O DM Insufficient H2O intake hypertonic solution over secretion of aldosterone Cushing Disease Prader-Willi Syndrome - ANS-Inherited from father Constant sense of hunger after age of 2 Obesity behavior problems mental retardation short structure Mechanism that causes Hyperkalemia - ANS-Potassium sparing diuretic hypoaldosteronism shift from ICF to ECF Metabolic Acidosis Likely cause of Respiratory Acidosis - ANS-Over sedation Brain stem trauma PE, COPD alveolar hypoventilation disorder of lung parenchyma depression of respiratory center When considering WBC differentials acute inflammatory reasons are related to elevations of what leukocyte? - ANS-Neutrophils Osteosarcoma - ANS-Most common type of cancer that starts in the bone The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins? - ANS-IgE Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediators? - ANS-Prostaglandin/ endogenous pyrogens (213) Which cells are primary target for HIV - ANS-Neural cells CD4 macrophages NK cells The mammary gland enlarges during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what type of hormonal event? - ANS-Hormonal Hyperplasia Perceived stress elicits an emotional anticipatory response that begins where? - ANS-Limbic System Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus The most common site for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location? - ANS-Bone (spine) liver adrenal gland lymph nodes lung Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine secreted? - ANS-Sympathetic post ganglion Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate the thyroid hormone and is inhibited when plasma levels are adequate. An example would be? - ANS-Negative Feedback The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by what class of immunoglobulins? - ANS-IgE Aldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of what? - ANS-Sodium and water What is the action of calcitonin? - ANS-TX of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, metastatic cancer Paget bone disease Stops calcium production or reduce the concentration of calcium in the blood inhibits bone reabsorbing osteoclasts Which lab value would the APRN expect to find if a person is experiencing syndrome inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIADH) - ANS-ADH is low hyponatremia hypoosmolality Crave fluids Somogyi Effect - ANS-hypoglycemia is followed by hyperglycemia A person has acne, truncal obesity, thin extremities, and bruises easily. What is the endocrine diagnosis? - ANS-Cushing’s Disease Crohn’s disease vs irritable bowel syndrome? - ANS-Crohn’s disease can involve the entire GI tract IBS is restricted to the colon critical criteria for diagnosis: looking for FEV1/FVC ratio which will be less than 0.70 - ANS-PFT (pulmonary function test) indicates stiff lungs requiring extra work to bring in normal volume of air - ANS-Decreased lung compliance Continues...