Information clarified verbally that is important
Vaccination:
An ideal vaccine would be: 100% effective (sterilizing immunity), effective at site of infection,
induces cell-mediated responses, active against all isolates in a target population, long-lasting
and simple vaccination schedule
Adaptive immunity relating to B cell/antibodies:
- Antigen specific
- Takes longer to develop
- Memory cells are ready to respond fast t the pathogen returning
- Essential for protection
Adaptive response has two branches: humoral and cell-mediated response
Humoral: Activating B cells and then differentiating the B cells into plasma cells and memory B
cells which produce antibodies – -LOOK INTO THIS AGAIN
Cell-mediated response: Involve activation of T-cells; kills pathogen once infected –-
LOOK INTO
=
THIS AGAIN
B-cells:
- Produce antibodies
- Produced in bone marrow
- Has antigen receptor (membrane bound antibody)
- When antigen binds, signal transduction cascade is initiated (signal transduction cascade can
be initated quicker and have a higher magnitude in terms of activation signals that are given off
if the B cell receptors become clustered; often on pathogens, there will be an antigen in which
the B cells binds to but often on a pathogen, that antigen will be displayed multivalently- so
there will be lots of copies of the same antigen on the surface; end up with cross-linking of B
cell receptors which allows multiple binding to these B cell receptors)
- Activating signal requires clustering of receptors
Cell divides rapidly to produce plasma cells and a small number of memory B cells
, Antibody basic structure:
- 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains linked by interchain disulfide bonds
- Each Light chain made up of variable region and constant region
- Each heavy chain is made up of one variable region and three constant regions
- The part of the antibody that is made up of the variable regions and one domain each of the
heavy and light chain = Fab fragment- responsible to binding to the antigen
- The second two domains of the constant regions of the heavy chains (C H2 and CH3 domains)
together form the Fc domain- to different Fc receptors on different immune cells
How are antibodies able to bind to different pathogens? Mechanisms
- Recombination
- Class-switching
- Somatic hypermutation
Recombination: First stage of generating B cell receptor on the surface
Vaccination:
An ideal vaccine would be: 100% effective (sterilizing immunity), effective at site of infection,
induces cell-mediated responses, active against all isolates in a target population, long-lasting
and simple vaccination schedule
Adaptive immunity relating to B cell/antibodies:
- Antigen specific
- Takes longer to develop
- Memory cells are ready to respond fast t the pathogen returning
- Essential for protection
Adaptive response has two branches: humoral and cell-mediated response
Humoral: Activating B cells and then differentiating the B cells into plasma cells and memory B
cells which produce antibodies – -LOOK INTO THIS AGAIN
Cell-mediated response: Involve activation of T-cells; kills pathogen once infected –-
LOOK INTO
=
THIS AGAIN
B-cells:
- Produce antibodies
- Produced in bone marrow
- Has antigen receptor (membrane bound antibody)
- When antigen binds, signal transduction cascade is initiated (signal transduction cascade can
be initated quicker and have a higher magnitude in terms of activation signals that are given off
if the B cell receptors become clustered; often on pathogens, there will be an antigen in which
the B cells binds to but often on a pathogen, that antigen will be displayed multivalently- so
there will be lots of copies of the same antigen on the surface; end up with cross-linking of B
cell receptors which allows multiple binding to these B cell receptors)
- Activating signal requires clustering of receptors
Cell divides rapidly to produce plasma cells and a small number of memory B cells
, Antibody basic structure:
- 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains linked by interchain disulfide bonds
- Each Light chain made up of variable region and constant region
- Each heavy chain is made up of one variable region and three constant regions
- The part of the antibody that is made up of the variable regions and one domain each of the
heavy and light chain = Fab fragment- responsible to binding to the antigen
- The second two domains of the constant regions of the heavy chains (C H2 and CH3 domains)
together form the Fc domain- to different Fc receptors on different immune cells
How are antibodies able to bind to different pathogens? Mechanisms
- Recombination
- Class-switching
- Somatic hypermutation
Recombination: First stage of generating B cell receptor on the surface
