NURS 4020 Complete Final Exam with answers
Hypocalcemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 8.5
causes: hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, renal failure, pancreatitis
s/sx: tachy, hypotension, bone pain cramps, parasthesias, tetany, chvostek, diarrhea, trousseau
tx: ca supplements, increased ca intake
Hypercalcemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 10.5
causes: hyperparathyroidism, excessive ca supplementation, thiazide diuretic
s/sx: HTN, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, decreased DTR, constipation, confusion, muscle weakness
Tx: dialysis, limit Ca intake, increase fiber
Hypomagnesemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 1.5
causes: prolonged gastric suctioning, uncontrolled DM
S/Sx: weakness, dysrhythmias, HTN, increased DTR, respiratory depression, tetany, trousseaus,
chvostek, parasthesias
Tx: oral Mg, increase oral intake
,hypermanesemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔more than 2.5
causes: renal insufficiency, excess consumption or IV intake
s/sx: hypotension, bradycardia, CNS depression, coma, respiratory distress, flushing, decreased DTR
Tx: dialysis, restrict Mg in diet, loop diuretics
Hypophosphatemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 2.5
reverse symptoms of calcium
s/sx: confusion, weakness, decreased DTRs
Hyperphosphatemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 4.5
s/sx: tetany, chvostek, trousseau
Hypokalemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less that 3.5
causes: potassium wasting diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, strenous activity
s/sx: confusion, hypoactive bowel, lethargy, weakness, limp, polyuria, constipation, cramps,
bradycardia, hypotension, PVCs, dysrhythmias
tx: increase in diet, oral potassium, parenteral
NEVER IV BOLUS POTASSIUM
,Hyperkalemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 5
causes: excessive intake, potassium-sparing diuretics, kidney failure
s/sx: muscle twitching, bradycardia, hypotension, PVCs, dysrhythmias, irritability, paresthesias,
oliguria, diarrhea, fatigue, cramping,
tx: IV dextrose with regular insuling, lasix, calcium gluconate kayexalate
hypervolemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HTN
bounding pulse
JVD
oliguria
confusion
fatigue
dyspnea
edema
hypovolemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔hypotension
weak, rapid pulse
flattened neck veins
n/v
confusion
lethargy
HA
dizziness
muscle cramps/ weakness
twitching
, Hyponatremia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 135
causes: burns, high ADH, excessive dilution with IV fluids
s/sx: seizures, abdominal distress (n/v, cramping), hypotension, tachycardia, hypothermia,
confusion, weak, lethargy
tx: treat underlying cause, loop diuretics, NaCl
Hypernatremia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 145
causes: kidney damage, excess IV fluids with NaCl, excess intake, hypertonic enteral feedings,
diarrhea, burns
s/sx:seizures, abdominal distress (n/v, cramps), hypotension, tachycarida, dehydration, agitated, fluid
retention, fever
Cushing's disease pathophysiology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔hypercortisolism
excess secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex
-caused by adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
increases total body fat from slow turnover of fatty acids
increase break down of tissue protein leads to decreased muscle mass
decreased lymphocytes leads to increased risk for infection
Cushing's disease s/sx - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔moon face
Hypocalcemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 8.5
causes: hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, renal failure, pancreatitis
s/sx: tachy, hypotension, bone pain cramps, parasthesias, tetany, chvostek, diarrhea, trousseau
tx: ca supplements, increased ca intake
Hypercalcemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 10.5
causes: hyperparathyroidism, excessive ca supplementation, thiazide diuretic
s/sx: HTN, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, decreased DTR, constipation, confusion, muscle weakness
Tx: dialysis, limit Ca intake, increase fiber
Hypomagnesemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 1.5
causes: prolonged gastric suctioning, uncontrolled DM
S/Sx: weakness, dysrhythmias, HTN, increased DTR, respiratory depression, tetany, trousseaus,
chvostek, parasthesias
Tx: oral Mg, increase oral intake
,hypermanesemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔more than 2.5
causes: renal insufficiency, excess consumption or IV intake
s/sx: hypotension, bradycardia, CNS depression, coma, respiratory distress, flushing, decreased DTR
Tx: dialysis, restrict Mg in diet, loop diuretics
Hypophosphatemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 2.5
reverse symptoms of calcium
s/sx: confusion, weakness, decreased DTRs
Hyperphosphatemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 4.5
s/sx: tetany, chvostek, trousseau
Hypokalemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less that 3.5
causes: potassium wasting diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, strenous activity
s/sx: confusion, hypoactive bowel, lethargy, weakness, limp, polyuria, constipation, cramps,
bradycardia, hypotension, PVCs, dysrhythmias
tx: increase in diet, oral potassium, parenteral
NEVER IV BOLUS POTASSIUM
,Hyperkalemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 5
causes: excessive intake, potassium-sparing diuretics, kidney failure
s/sx: muscle twitching, bradycardia, hypotension, PVCs, dysrhythmias, irritability, paresthesias,
oliguria, diarrhea, fatigue, cramping,
tx: IV dextrose with regular insuling, lasix, calcium gluconate kayexalate
hypervolemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HTN
bounding pulse
JVD
oliguria
confusion
fatigue
dyspnea
edema
hypovolemia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔hypotension
weak, rapid pulse
flattened neck veins
n/v
confusion
lethargy
HA
dizziness
muscle cramps/ weakness
twitching
, Hyponatremia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔less than 135
causes: burns, high ADH, excessive dilution with IV fluids
s/sx: seizures, abdominal distress (n/v, cramping), hypotension, tachycardia, hypothermia,
confusion, weak, lethargy
tx: treat underlying cause, loop diuretics, NaCl
Hypernatremia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔greater than 145
causes: kidney damage, excess IV fluids with NaCl, excess intake, hypertonic enteral feedings,
diarrhea, burns
s/sx:seizures, abdominal distress (n/v, cramps), hypotension, tachycarida, dehydration, agitated, fluid
retention, fever
Cushing's disease pathophysiology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔hypercortisolism
excess secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex
-caused by adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
increases total body fat from slow turnover of fatty acids
increase break down of tissue protein leads to decreased muscle mass
decreased lymphocytes leads to increased risk for infection
Cushing's disease s/sx - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔moon face
