NUT 115 Midterm 1 Test With
Complete Solution
Roughages - ANSWER Primary source of food for herbivores in nature
What types of crops do roughages include? - ANSWER pasture and range,
harvested and stored roughages and crop residues
Roughages are characteristically: (4 things) - ANSWER 1) Bulky in nature
2) higher in fiber and lower in energy than concentrates
3) lower digestibility than concentrates (b/c of lignin)
4) Many trace minerals and Ca and K are higher in roughages than
concentrates
What type of vitamins are roughages more present in? - ANSWER Fat soluble
vitamins, (ADEK)
Protein content in roughages? - ANSWER Variable, legumes contain
anywhere from 20-24% crude protein while grass hays contain anywhere
from 10-14% crude protein
ADF? - ANSWER Acid Detergent Fiber, cellulose and lignin
NDF? - ANSWER Neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
Concentrates (Energy) (3 things) - ANSWER 1) High digestibility, high energy
2) low in fiber (<18%)
3) low to moderate in protein
,T or F: Concentrates have high energy content (classified as high total
digestible nutrients and high nitrogen free extract) - ANSWER TRUE
How is energy supplied in energy concentrates? - ANSWER Supplied from
readily available carbohydrates (sugars and starch) or by fat/oil (aka lipids)
Can concentrates be fed alone? - ANSWER It is more common for them to be
added to the ration to increase the energy intake or to increase the energy
density of the ration
Concentrates include: - ANSWER Cereal grains and some of their milling
byproducts, molasses, and fats/oils.
Examples of cereals: - ANSWER corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice, triticale
What are grains? - ANSWER Seeds from cereal plants; members of the grass
family, Graminae.
Nutrient and energy composition of cereals (vs. roughages) - ANSWER
Cereals are typically less variable in nutrient and energy content because
cereals are harvested at maturity, where more lignin is present whereas
roughages are harvested at many times of their growth, depending on the
production style.
Milling of cereals to produce flour and starch results in what? - ANSWER
Byproducts utilized by animals
What does milling wheat get you? - ANSWER Flour, but also byproducts that
account for approximately 25% of the kernel
What are some byproducts of wheat? - ANSWER bran, middlings (mill run),
shorts, red dog, and feed flour
, What is the makeup of byproducts of wheat? - ANSWER Protein content may
be higher, outer seed layers are good sources of the water soluble vitamins,
and the products are low in Ca and high in Phosphorous and Magnesium
(which is a problem for the environment)
What do you mill corn for? - ANSWER Corn meal
What is the byproduct of corn meal? - ANSWER Hominy, which consists of
corn bran, corn germ and part of the endosperm
T/F, hominy is higher in protein, lipid and fiber - ANSWER TRUE
What does wet milling of corn produce? - ANSWER Corn gluten meal and
corn gluten, which are high in protein
Caryopses - ANSWER individual kernels (grain)
Covered caryopses - ANSWER grains with husks (oats, barley and rice)
Naked caryopses - ANSWER Grains lacking husks (corn, wheat, rye and
sorghum)
Besides the husk, what are grains composed of? - ANSWER The pericarp (fruit
coat) and the seed
What does the seed consist of? (3 things) - ANSWER 1)seed coat and hyaline
layer
2) endosperm
3) germ
Endosperm - ANSWER Consists of the aleurone and starchy endosperm
Aleurone - ANSWER Surrounds the starchy endosperm; rich in oil, niacin and
Complete Solution
Roughages - ANSWER Primary source of food for herbivores in nature
What types of crops do roughages include? - ANSWER pasture and range,
harvested and stored roughages and crop residues
Roughages are characteristically: (4 things) - ANSWER 1) Bulky in nature
2) higher in fiber and lower in energy than concentrates
3) lower digestibility than concentrates (b/c of lignin)
4) Many trace minerals and Ca and K are higher in roughages than
concentrates
What type of vitamins are roughages more present in? - ANSWER Fat soluble
vitamins, (ADEK)
Protein content in roughages? - ANSWER Variable, legumes contain
anywhere from 20-24% crude protein while grass hays contain anywhere
from 10-14% crude protein
ADF? - ANSWER Acid Detergent Fiber, cellulose and lignin
NDF? - ANSWER Neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
Concentrates (Energy) (3 things) - ANSWER 1) High digestibility, high energy
2) low in fiber (<18%)
3) low to moderate in protein
,T or F: Concentrates have high energy content (classified as high total
digestible nutrients and high nitrogen free extract) - ANSWER TRUE
How is energy supplied in energy concentrates? - ANSWER Supplied from
readily available carbohydrates (sugars and starch) or by fat/oil (aka lipids)
Can concentrates be fed alone? - ANSWER It is more common for them to be
added to the ration to increase the energy intake or to increase the energy
density of the ration
Concentrates include: - ANSWER Cereal grains and some of their milling
byproducts, molasses, and fats/oils.
Examples of cereals: - ANSWER corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice, triticale
What are grains? - ANSWER Seeds from cereal plants; members of the grass
family, Graminae.
Nutrient and energy composition of cereals (vs. roughages) - ANSWER
Cereals are typically less variable in nutrient and energy content because
cereals are harvested at maturity, where more lignin is present whereas
roughages are harvested at many times of their growth, depending on the
production style.
Milling of cereals to produce flour and starch results in what? - ANSWER
Byproducts utilized by animals
What does milling wheat get you? - ANSWER Flour, but also byproducts that
account for approximately 25% of the kernel
What are some byproducts of wheat? - ANSWER bran, middlings (mill run),
shorts, red dog, and feed flour
, What is the makeup of byproducts of wheat? - ANSWER Protein content may
be higher, outer seed layers are good sources of the water soluble vitamins,
and the products are low in Ca and high in Phosphorous and Magnesium
(which is a problem for the environment)
What do you mill corn for? - ANSWER Corn meal
What is the byproduct of corn meal? - ANSWER Hominy, which consists of
corn bran, corn germ and part of the endosperm
T/F, hominy is higher in protein, lipid and fiber - ANSWER TRUE
What does wet milling of corn produce? - ANSWER Corn gluten meal and
corn gluten, which are high in protein
Caryopses - ANSWER individual kernels (grain)
Covered caryopses - ANSWER grains with husks (oats, barley and rice)
Naked caryopses - ANSWER Grains lacking husks (corn, wheat, rye and
sorghum)
Besides the husk, what are grains composed of? - ANSWER The pericarp (fruit
coat) and the seed
What does the seed consist of? (3 things) - ANSWER 1)seed coat and hyaline
layer
2) endosperm
3) germ
Endosperm - ANSWER Consists of the aleurone and starchy endosperm
Aleurone - ANSWER Surrounds the starchy endosperm; rich in oil, niacin and
