NUR 2063 PATHO EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY)
Cryptorchidism Complications - ANSWER-Fibrotic tubules with deficiency
in spermatogenesis, infertility.
Amenorrhea - ANSWER-Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - ANSWER-Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - ANSWER-Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - ANSWER-Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - ANSWER-Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - ANSWER-Urine becomes supersaturated with
specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a
person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the
urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - ANSWER-Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort
accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating),
tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic
, (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the
ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - ANSWER-Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - ANSWER-"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes
the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water
retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER-Promotes retention of water by
kidneys and increases blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - ANSWER-Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - ANSWER-The outcome of the progressive
and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of
nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - ANSWER-Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result
from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign
bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial
infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - ANSWER-E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium,
colonizes, and invades host cells.
ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY)
Cryptorchidism Complications - ANSWER-Fibrotic tubules with deficiency
in spermatogenesis, infertility.
Amenorrhea - ANSWER-Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - ANSWER-Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - ANSWER-Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - ANSWER-Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - ANSWER-Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - ANSWER-Urine becomes supersaturated with
specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a
person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the
urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - ANSWER-Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort
accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating),
tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic
, (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the
ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - ANSWER-Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - ANSWER-"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes
the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water
retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER-Promotes retention of water by
kidneys and increases blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - ANSWER-Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - ANSWER-The outcome of the progressive
and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of
nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - ANSWER-Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result
from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign
bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial
infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - ANSWER-E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium,
colonizes, and invades host cells.
