GENERAL BIOLOGY 115 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
How does long term memory work? - ANS >>Activated when needed => pulled into short term (working)
memory
Long term potentiation - ANS >>use of information is like a sorting process
T/F: If information is not used, then it is discarded - ANS >>True
LTP is facilitated by - ANS >>Chunking
Emergence - ANS >>The whole is greater than the sum of the parts
Emergent Properties - ANS >>Results from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Reductionism - ANS >>Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable
to study
Scientific Method - ANS >>Make an observation
Do background research
Make a hypothesis
Create an experiment
Evaluate the results of the experiment
If the predictions are wrong, make a new hypothesis and start over from step 3
Revise predictions
Repeat and verify
,4 most abundant elements - ANS >>C, H, O, N
Ionic bonds - ANS >>Between atoms => the more electronegative elements steals an electron
Van der Waals Interactions - ANS >>-Develop because electrons are in constant motion
-single interaction is weak but multiple are strong
Hydrogen bonds - ANS >>-very strong dipole-dipole interaction
-H + F, O, N
Cohesive behavior - ANS >>-polar molecules side with different charges are attracted to each other
-surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Hydrophilic - ANS >>Ions, salts, polar, "water loving"
Hydrophobic - ANS >>Lipids, nonpolar, "water hating"
Organic compounds - ANS >>-carbon based compounds
-carbon bonded to another carbon or hydrogen
Hydrocarbons - ANS >>-only hydrogen and carbon
-nonpolar, uncharged, hydrophobic
Hydroxyl group - ANS >>-alcohol
-polar
-form hydrogen bonds with water
-hydrophilic
,Ketone - ANS >>-internal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophilic
Aldehyde - ANS >>-terminal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophilic
Carboxyl group - ANS >>-polar
-hydrophilic
-very acidic
Amino group - ANS >>-proton acceptor => basic
-hydrophilic
Sulfhydryl group - ANS >>-structure of some proteins
-less polar than a hydroxyl group
Phosphate group - ANS >>-contributes a negative charge
-acidic
-hydrophilic
-phospholipids & nucleic acids
Methyl group - ANS >>-nonpolar hydrocarbon
-hydrophobic
-control of gene expression
-shape and function of sex hormones
Macromolecules - ANS >>-large complex molecules that are formed by thousands of atoms
, -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Enzymes - ANS >>speed up chemical reactions
Hydrolysis - ANS >>-"to break with water"
-using water to break polymers
-regulated by hydrolyses
Dehydration synthesis - ANS >>-synthesizes monomers together
-removes water
regulated by dehydrogenase
Carbohydrates - ANS >>-fuel & building material
-hydrophilic
-polysaccharides attached to proteins = glycoproteins or lipids
-cell identification (ex: blood types)
Lipids - ANS >>-not true polymers
-hydrophobic
-dissolve in nonpolar solvents => nonpolar
-3 important families: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Fats - ANS >>-highly concentrated energy
-consists of one glycerol (3 carbon alcohol with 3 -OH) & 1-3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids - ANS >>-carboxyl group with a long, unbraided hydrocarbon tail
-added to glycerol during dehydration synthesis
-form a covalent bond => ester linkage
-triglyceride = main storage of fat
EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
How does long term memory work? - ANS >>Activated when needed => pulled into short term (working)
memory
Long term potentiation - ANS >>use of information is like a sorting process
T/F: If information is not used, then it is discarded - ANS >>True
LTP is facilitated by - ANS >>Chunking
Emergence - ANS >>The whole is greater than the sum of the parts
Emergent Properties - ANS >>Results from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Reductionism - ANS >>Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable
to study
Scientific Method - ANS >>Make an observation
Do background research
Make a hypothesis
Create an experiment
Evaluate the results of the experiment
If the predictions are wrong, make a new hypothesis and start over from step 3
Revise predictions
Repeat and verify
,4 most abundant elements - ANS >>C, H, O, N
Ionic bonds - ANS >>Between atoms => the more electronegative elements steals an electron
Van der Waals Interactions - ANS >>-Develop because electrons are in constant motion
-single interaction is weak but multiple are strong
Hydrogen bonds - ANS >>-very strong dipole-dipole interaction
-H + F, O, N
Cohesive behavior - ANS >>-polar molecules side with different charges are attracted to each other
-surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Hydrophilic - ANS >>Ions, salts, polar, "water loving"
Hydrophobic - ANS >>Lipids, nonpolar, "water hating"
Organic compounds - ANS >>-carbon based compounds
-carbon bonded to another carbon or hydrogen
Hydrocarbons - ANS >>-only hydrogen and carbon
-nonpolar, uncharged, hydrophobic
Hydroxyl group - ANS >>-alcohol
-polar
-form hydrogen bonds with water
-hydrophilic
,Ketone - ANS >>-internal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophilic
Aldehyde - ANS >>-terminal carbonyl group
-polar
-hydrophilic
Carboxyl group - ANS >>-polar
-hydrophilic
-very acidic
Amino group - ANS >>-proton acceptor => basic
-hydrophilic
Sulfhydryl group - ANS >>-structure of some proteins
-less polar than a hydroxyl group
Phosphate group - ANS >>-contributes a negative charge
-acidic
-hydrophilic
-phospholipids & nucleic acids
Methyl group - ANS >>-nonpolar hydrocarbon
-hydrophobic
-control of gene expression
-shape and function of sex hormones
Macromolecules - ANS >>-large complex molecules that are formed by thousands of atoms
, -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Enzymes - ANS >>speed up chemical reactions
Hydrolysis - ANS >>-"to break with water"
-using water to break polymers
-regulated by hydrolyses
Dehydration synthesis - ANS >>-synthesizes monomers together
-removes water
regulated by dehydrogenase
Carbohydrates - ANS >>-fuel & building material
-hydrophilic
-polysaccharides attached to proteins = glycoproteins or lipids
-cell identification (ex: blood types)
Lipids - ANS >>-not true polymers
-hydrophobic
-dissolve in nonpolar solvents => nonpolar
-3 important families: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Fats - ANS >>-highly concentrated energy
-consists of one glycerol (3 carbon alcohol with 3 -OH) & 1-3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids - ANS >>-carboxyl group with a long, unbraided hydrocarbon tail
-added to glycerol during dehydration synthesis
-form a covalent bond => ester linkage
-triglyceride = main storage of fat
