1 RN Chapter 1/2 - Intro and complement
Innate immunity
● first line of defense, more general immune response
● Some symptoms are fever and inflammation where you get swelling, redness
● activated first
● Regarding the innate immune system we’re all the same because we have them from birth
and they don't really change throughout the course of your life. is equal in all of us
Adaptive immunity
● allows for very specific detection and elimination of pathogens. highly specific for any
type of danger
● Provides immunological memory: the ability of our immune cells to remember previous
infections and clear them more quickly in the future
● T and B cells belong to the adaptive immune system
● Adaptive cells are able to adapt. (it's in the word). These get educated throughout your
life, depending on what you see in your life. We all have b and t cells but what they
recognize is different
● It takes about a week when your adaptive immune system starts to work
● Adaptive immune system cells are slow. If you come across it the first time it's slow but
if you come across it again it's fast. For now we're assuming we're seeing each for the
first time.
● Antibodies are not cells, they’re proteins. Don't get tricked
● Note: Antibodies are proteins that can grab “enemies”
● There are a lot of cells in the blood.
○ The white part is our immune cells
○ Cells that we can find within our blood
○ Neutrophils
○ No macrophages in the blood
○ Within the lymphocytes we have t and b cells
○ Antibodies are also found in the bloodstream
○ The component system is also found in our blood
,Hematopoiesis
● Hematopoiesis: development of immune cells
● All of the immune cells come from a single hematopoietic cell in the bone marrow, this
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
● They all have the same progenitor but different end result
● The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to lymphoid and myeloid progenitors, each of
which differentiate into a range of immune cell types
Lymphoid progenitor differentiates into
● B cell progenitor: upon activation, mature B cells differentiate into memory cells or
plasma cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies
● NK cells are the cytotoxic cells of the innate system. They detect virus infected cells and
kill them. They are lymphocytes.
● T cells: memory t cell (faster immune response in future), cytotoxic t cell (CD8+)
(recognize antigen, directly kill infected or cancerous cells) helper t cell (CD4+) (upon
activation, secrete cytokines that boost the adaptive immune response)
Myeloid lineage Produces most cells in the innate immune system also antigen-presenting
cells. Give rise to:
● Neutrophils: innate immune cells that specialize in capture and killing of
microorganisms
● Eosinophils: type of granulocyte that releases cytokines to defend against parasites
● Monocyte: which further differentiate into DC and macrophages, mast cells
○ DC
○ Macrophages are phagocytic cells that also activate other immune cells
○ Mast cell: another type of of granulocyte that are implicated in allergy
● Basophil: involved in immune response to parasites
● Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells are known as granulocytes because they
have granules. When you look under the microscope they have lot of dots
,●
● Don't go learning this table by heart. No questions are gonna be asked about this. It's
important to realize there are lots of safety things before your immune system does
anything: physical barriers
● Sometimes you don't have to go to your third line of defense. Immunity is divided into 3
lines of defense based on how quickly they respond to threats
○ First line of defense innate immunity (immediate)
○ Second line of defense: innate immunity (within hours)
○ Third line of defense: adaptive immunity (days to weeks)
, Circulatory - Lymphatic System
● The lymphatic system is all over our body. The movement in the lymphatic system is
dependent on movement. If you lay still the whole night the lymphatic system won't
work. When you get a vaccine make sure you go running to make sure your lymphatic
system is working
○ A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other
unwanted materials
○ It transports lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting cells
● The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
The primary lymphoid organ’s jobs is to develop adaptive immune cells
● B cells develop in the bone marrow (that's why we call them b cells)
● The thymus is where the t cells develop which is thy we call them t cells
The secondary lymphoid organ's job is to activate adaptive immunity / activate adaptive
immune cells
○ This activation happens in the secondary lymphoid organs.
○ Which are our lymph nodes, spleen
○ Note: If you take out a lymph node it's highly structured. We see all these
different areas. The areas are in near proximity so they have increased likelihood
of interaction of B and T cells. Also, highly highly structured system because the
cells need to find each other
How do cells communicate with each other?
● They have receptors. Whenever we talk about communication with cells it's always
interactions with receptors
Innate immunity
● first line of defense, more general immune response
● Some symptoms are fever and inflammation where you get swelling, redness
● activated first
● Regarding the innate immune system we’re all the same because we have them from birth
and they don't really change throughout the course of your life. is equal in all of us
Adaptive immunity
● allows for very specific detection and elimination of pathogens. highly specific for any
type of danger
● Provides immunological memory: the ability of our immune cells to remember previous
infections and clear them more quickly in the future
● T and B cells belong to the adaptive immune system
● Adaptive cells are able to adapt. (it's in the word). These get educated throughout your
life, depending on what you see in your life. We all have b and t cells but what they
recognize is different
● It takes about a week when your adaptive immune system starts to work
● Adaptive immune system cells are slow. If you come across it the first time it's slow but
if you come across it again it's fast. For now we're assuming we're seeing each for the
first time.
● Antibodies are not cells, they’re proteins. Don't get tricked
● Note: Antibodies are proteins that can grab “enemies”
● There are a lot of cells in the blood.
○ The white part is our immune cells
○ Cells that we can find within our blood
○ Neutrophils
○ No macrophages in the blood
○ Within the lymphocytes we have t and b cells
○ Antibodies are also found in the bloodstream
○ The component system is also found in our blood
,Hematopoiesis
● Hematopoiesis: development of immune cells
● All of the immune cells come from a single hematopoietic cell in the bone marrow, this
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
● They all have the same progenitor but different end result
● The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to lymphoid and myeloid progenitors, each of
which differentiate into a range of immune cell types
Lymphoid progenitor differentiates into
● B cell progenitor: upon activation, mature B cells differentiate into memory cells or
plasma cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies
● NK cells are the cytotoxic cells of the innate system. They detect virus infected cells and
kill them. They are lymphocytes.
● T cells: memory t cell (faster immune response in future), cytotoxic t cell (CD8+)
(recognize antigen, directly kill infected or cancerous cells) helper t cell (CD4+) (upon
activation, secrete cytokines that boost the adaptive immune response)
Myeloid lineage Produces most cells in the innate immune system also antigen-presenting
cells. Give rise to:
● Neutrophils: innate immune cells that specialize in capture and killing of
microorganisms
● Eosinophils: type of granulocyte that releases cytokines to defend against parasites
● Monocyte: which further differentiate into DC and macrophages, mast cells
○ DC
○ Macrophages are phagocytic cells that also activate other immune cells
○ Mast cell: another type of of granulocyte that are implicated in allergy
● Basophil: involved in immune response to parasites
● Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells are known as granulocytes because they
have granules. When you look under the microscope they have lot of dots
,●
● Don't go learning this table by heart. No questions are gonna be asked about this. It's
important to realize there are lots of safety things before your immune system does
anything: physical barriers
● Sometimes you don't have to go to your third line of defense. Immunity is divided into 3
lines of defense based on how quickly they respond to threats
○ First line of defense innate immunity (immediate)
○ Second line of defense: innate immunity (within hours)
○ Third line of defense: adaptive immunity (days to weeks)
, Circulatory - Lymphatic System
● The lymphatic system is all over our body. The movement in the lymphatic system is
dependent on movement. If you lay still the whole night the lymphatic system won't
work. When you get a vaccine make sure you go running to make sure your lymphatic
system is working
○ A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other
unwanted materials
○ It transports lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting cells
● The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
The primary lymphoid organ’s jobs is to develop adaptive immune cells
● B cells develop in the bone marrow (that's why we call them b cells)
● The thymus is where the t cells develop which is thy we call them t cells
The secondary lymphoid organ's job is to activate adaptive immunity / activate adaptive
immune cells
○ This activation happens in the secondary lymphoid organs.
○ Which are our lymph nodes, spleen
○ Note: If you take out a lymph node it's highly structured. We see all these
different areas. The areas are in near proximity so they have increased likelihood
of interaction of B and T cells. Also, highly highly structured system because the
cells need to find each other
How do cells communicate with each other?
● They have receptors. Whenever we talk about communication with cells it's always
interactions with receptors
