GASTROINTESTINAL , HEPATOBILIARY &
PANCREATIC SYSTEMS FUNCTION, ASSESSMENT
& THERAPEUTIC MEASURES EXAM QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (GRADED A+) LATEST VERSION
Anorexia definition - ANSWER loss of appetite
how does hunger stimulate appetite? - ANSWER contraction of empty stomach
what structure regulates appetite? what are some components? - ANSWER
hypothalamus
sense of smell
emotional factors (anxiety, fear, depression)
how do drugs affect appetite? - ANSWER cannabis --> increases appetite
serotonin 2C receptor agonists --> decreased appetite
nicotine --> decreases appetite
Nausea etiology & clinical manifestations - ANSWER unpleasant subjective
sensation that stimulates vomiting center in the brain stem
THINK "get a DD when you're nauseous"
duodenum distention
watery salivation
tachycardia
pallor
vasoconstriction
diaphoresis
the act of vomiting - ANSWER THINK about how it feels to vomit & what your body
does
~ physiological protective mechanism (limits damage from ingested noxious agents)
~ deep breaths-->apnea during vomiting-->epiglottis closes
~ forceful contraction of diaphragm + relaxation of GI sphincter-> expulsion
vomiting clinical manifestations & risk factors - ANSWER dizziness, hypotension,
bradycardia
aspiration pneumonia
hematemesis (bloody emesis)
metabolic alkalosis (non-life threatening)
, retching - ANSWER THINK "retching rythmic"
dry heaving--> no vomit
rhythmic spastic movements of diaphragm, chest walk, & abdominal muscles
Mallory-Weiss-syndrome - ANSWER tearing of the lower end of the esophageal
veins/stomach
~ typically caused by alcohol abuse
~ post GI surgical procedures (vomiting is contraindication)
non inflammatory acute diarrhea etiology - ANSWER THINK "small intestine--large
volume--no blood"
affects the small intestine
~ large volume of watery, non-bloody stools
~ general abdominal cramping & pain
e coli & c diff
inflammatory acute diarrhea etiology - ANSWER THINK "small bloody shigella"
affects the colon
~ small volume blood stool with fever (dysentery)
~ LLQ abdominal pain & urgent desire to defecate
chronic diarrhea & types - ANSWER THINK "Often Poop Super Forcefully"
associated with irritable bowel & inflammatory bowel syndrome
osmotic
secretory
factitious
parasitic infection
osmotic diarrhea - ANSWER water pulled into bowel lumen
lactase deficiency (dairy makes you poop)
secretory diarrhea - ANSWER increase in secretory process or decrease in
absorption of water & electrolytes in the small intestine
~ overgrowth of pathogens (cholera)
~ medications & tumors
factitious diarrhea - ANSWER THINK "factitious fake"
overuse of laxatives/laxative type foods
chronic parasitic infection - ANSWER food, water, & soil
~ non-peelable fruits
everyone carries them
~ strong immune system = no problem
~ weak immune system = problem
PANCREATIC SYSTEMS FUNCTION, ASSESSMENT
& THERAPEUTIC MEASURES EXAM QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (GRADED A+) LATEST VERSION
Anorexia definition - ANSWER loss of appetite
how does hunger stimulate appetite? - ANSWER contraction of empty stomach
what structure regulates appetite? what are some components? - ANSWER
hypothalamus
sense of smell
emotional factors (anxiety, fear, depression)
how do drugs affect appetite? - ANSWER cannabis --> increases appetite
serotonin 2C receptor agonists --> decreased appetite
nicotine --> decreases appetite
Nausea etiology & clinical manifestations - ANSWER unpleasant subjective
sensation that stimulates vomiting center in the brain stem
THINK "get a DD when you're nauseous"
duodenum distention
watery salivation
tachycardia
pallor
vasoconstriction
diaphoresis
the act of vomiting - ANSWER THINK about how it feels to vomit & what your body
does
~ physiological protective mechanism (limits damage from ingested noxious agents)
~ deep breaths-->apnea during vomiting-->epiglottis closes
~ forceful contraction of diaphragm + relaxation of GI sphincter-> expulsion
vomiting clinical manifestations & risk factors - ANSWER dizziness, hypotension,
bradycardia
aspiration pneumonia
hematemesis (bloody emesis)
metabolic alkalosis (non-life threatening)
, retching - ANSWER THINK "retching rythmic"
dry heaving--> no vomit
rhythmic spastic movements of diaphragm, chest walk, & abdominal muscles
Mallory-Weiss-syndrome - ANSWER tearing of the lower end of the esophageal
veins/stomach
~ typically caused by alcohol abuse
~ post GI surgical procedures (vomiting is contraindication)
non inflammatory acute diarrhea etiology - ANSWER THINK "small intestine--large
volume--no blood"
affects the small intestine
~ large volume of watery, non-bloody stools
~ general abdominal cramping & pain
e coli & c diff
inflammatory acute diarrhea etiology - ANSWER THINK "small bloody shigella"
affects the colon
~ small volume blood stool with fever (dysentery)
~ LLQ abdominal pain & urgent desire to defecate
chronic diarrhea & types - ANSWER THINK "Often Poop Super Forcefully"
associated with irritable bowel & inflammatory bowel syndrome
osmotic
secretory
factitious
parasitic infection
osmotic diarrhea - ANSWER water pulled into bowel lumen
lactase deficiency (dairy makes you poop)
secretory diarrhea - ANSWER increase in secretory process or decrease in
absorption of water & electrolytes in the small intestine
~ overgrowth of pathogens (cholera)
~ medications & tumors
factitious diarrhea - ANSWER THINK "factitious fake"
overuse of laxatives/laxative type foods
chronic parasitic infection - ANSWER food, water, & soil
~ non-peelable fruits
everyone carries them
~ strong immune system = no problem
~ weak immune system = problem
