De mens onder spanning
1. (Ab)normaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Gedrag waaronder mensen lijden ................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Disfunctioneel gedrag ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Irrationeel en onbegrijpelijk gedrag .............................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Onvoorspelbaar en oncontroleerbaar gedrag............................................................................................... 8
1.5 Opvallend en onconventioneel gedrag ......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Ongemakkelijk aanvoelend gedrag ............................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Norm overschrijdend gedrag ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. Diagnostiek en classificatie ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Van zot naar ziek ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Van opsluiting naar behandeling................................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Van Inventariseren naar classificeren ........................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Van symptoom naar syndroom .................................................................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Classificatie in context .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Diagnostiek is altijd een stukje subjectief ............................................................................................ 12
2.5 Classificatie en haar gebreken..................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Ziekteconcept bruikbaar ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.2 Categoriaal of dimensionaal................................................................................................................. 12
2.5.3 Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ............................................................................................................. 13
2.5.4 Stigmatiserende stempels .................................................................................................................... 13
2.6 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ................................................................... 13
2.6.1 DSM als instrument .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.6.2 Kritische reflecties over DSM ............................................................................................................... 16
2.7 diagnostiek verbeteren ............................................................................................................................... 18
2.7.1 Subtypering .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.7.2 precisiediagnostiek............................................................................................................................... 19
2.7.3 DSM goed gebruiken ............................................................................................................................ 19
3. Psychose ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.1 Denkstoornissen: wanen ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Waarnemingsstoornissen: hallucinaties .............................................................................................. 22
3.1.3 Taalstoornissen .................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.4 Motorische stoornissen = katatone stoornissen .................................................................................. 24
3.1.5 Cognitieve stoornissen ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 25
3.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 25
3.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
1
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 3.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.7.1 Psychoanalytische benadering en behavioristische benadering .......................................................... 26
3.7.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 27
3.7.3 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.8.1 Psychoanalytische benadering en behavioristische benadering .......................................................... 29
3.8.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 30
3.8.3 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 30
4. Depressieve stemmingsstoornissen .................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 31
4.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.1 Psychoanalytische- en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................ 36
4.7.2 Humanistische- en cognitieve benadering ........................................................................................... 38
4.7.3 Bio-medische benadering .................................................................................................................... 41
4.7.4 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.8.1 Psychoanalytische- en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................ 43
4.8.2 Humanistische- en cognitieve benadering ........................................................................................... 44
4.8.3 Bio-medische benadering .................................................................................................................... 45
4.8.4 Systemische- en online benadering ..................................................................................................... 46
5. Bipolaire stoornissen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 48
5.1.1 Manische episode ................................................................................................................................ 48
5.1.2 Hypomanische epsiode ........................................................................................................................ 49
5.1.3 Depressieve episode ............................................................................................................................ 49
5.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 51
5.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 51
5.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 51
6. Angststoornissen ............................................................................................................................................... 52
6.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 52
6.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
2
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 6.2.1 Fobie ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Sociale angststoornis ............................................................................................................................ 53
6.2.3 Paniekstoornis ...................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.4 Agorafobie ............................................................................................................................................ 54
6.2.5 Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis (GAS)................................................................................................. 54
6.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
6.3.1 Verloop Fobie ....................................................................................................................................... 55
6.3.2 Verloop sociale angststoornis .............................................................................................................. 56
6.3.3 Verloop agorafobie .............................................................................................................................. 56
6.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 56
6.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 57
6.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
6.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 58
6.7.1 Biologische factoren ............................................................................................................................. 58
6.7.2 psychologische theorieën .................................................................................................................... 59
6.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 61
7. Dwangstoornissen ............................................................................................................................................. 63
7.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 63
7.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.1 Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis ........................................................................................................ 64
7.2.2 andere subcategorieën ........................................................................................................................ 65
7.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
7.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 65
7.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 65
7.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 67
8. Middelgerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen ................................................................................................ 70
8.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 71
8.1.1 Intoxicatie ............................................................................................................................................. 71
8.1.2 Ontwenningsverschijnselen ................................................................................................................. 72
8.1.3 Tolerantie ............................................................................................................................................. 72
8.1.4 Fysische afhankelijkheid ....................................................................................................................... 72
8.1.5 Craving ................................................................................................................................................. 73
8.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
8.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
8.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 75
8.4.1 verklaringsmodellen ............................................................................................................................. 76
8.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 76
8.5.1 Alcohol ................................................................................................................................................. 76
3
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 8.5.2 Slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen ............................................................................................................. 77
8.5.3 Illegale drugs ........................................................................................................................................ 77
8.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.7.1 psychoanalytische en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................. 78
8.7.2 Cognitieve, differentieel psychologische, sociologische benadering ................................................... 79
8.7.3 biomedische benadering ................................................................................................................. 81
8.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 82
8.8.1 psychoanalytische en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................. 82
8.8.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 83
8.2.3 Biomedische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 84
9. Eetstoornissen ................................................................................................................................................... 85
9.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 85
9.1.1 Voedingsstoornissen ............................................................................................................................ 85
9.1.2 Anorexia nervosa ................................................................................................................................. 86
9.1.3 Orthorexia nervosa .............................................................................................................................. 88
9.1.4 Boulimia nervosa .................................................................................................................................. 88
9.1.5 Bing eating disorder ............................................................................................................................. 89
9.1.6 PICA ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
9.1.7 AFRID .................................................................................................................................................... 90
9.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 91
9.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 92
9.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 93
9.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 93
9.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 94
9.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 94
9.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 96
10. Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen ........................................................................................................................... 97
10.1 Symptomatologie ...................................................................................................................................... 97
10.2 Typologie ................................................................................................................................................... 98
10.2.1 Zonderlinge, bizarre of excentrieke cluster ....................................................................................... 98
10.1.2 Impulsieve, dramatische of emotionele cluster ................................................................................. 99
10.1.3 Angstige cluster ................................................................................................................................ 100
10.3 Verloop .................................................................................................................................................... 101
10.6 Prevalentie .............................................................................................................................................. 101
11. Borderline...................................................................................................................................................... 102
11.1 Symptomatologie .................................................................................................................................... 102
11.2 Typologie ................................................................................................................................................. 104
11.3 Verloop .................................................................................................................................................... 104
11.4 Co-morbiditeit ......................................................................................................................................... 104
4
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
1. (Ab)normaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Gedrag waaronder mensen lijden ................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Disfunctioneel gedrag ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Irrationeel en onbegrijpelijk gedrag .............................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Onvoorspelbaar en oncontroleerbaar gedrag............................................................................................... 8
1.5 Opvallend en onconventioneel gedrag ......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Ongemakkelijk aanvoelend gedrag ............................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Norm overschrijdend gedrag ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. Diagnostiek en classificatie ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Van zot naar ziek ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Van opsluiting naar behandeling................................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Van Inventariseren naar classificeren ........................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Van symptoom naar syndroom .................................................................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Classificatie in context .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Diagnostiek is altijd een stukje subjectief ............................................................................................ 12
2.5 Classificatie en haar gebreken..................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Ziekteconcept bruikbaar ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.2 Categoriaal of dimensionaal................................................................................................................. 12
2.5.3 Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ............................................................................................................. 13
2.5.4 Stigmatiserende stempels .................................................................................................................... 13
2.6 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ................................................................... 13
2.6.1 DSM als instrument .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.6.2 Kritische reflecties over DSM ............................................................................................................... 16
2.7 diagnostiek verbeteren ............................................................................................................................... 18
2.7.1 Subtypering .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.7.2 precisiediagnostiek............................................................................................................................... 19
2.7.3 DSM goed gebruiken ............................................................................................................................ 19
3. Psychose ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.1 Denkstoornissen: wanen ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Waarnemingsstoornissen: hallucinaties .............................................................................................. 22
3.1.3 Taalstoornissen .................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.4 Motorische stoornissen = katatone stoornissen .................................................................................. 24
3.1.5 Cognitieve stoornissen ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 25
3.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 25
3.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
1
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 3.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.7.1 Psychoanalytische benadering en behavioristische benadering .......................................................... 26
3.7.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 27
3.7.3 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.8.1 Psychoanalytische benadering en behavioristische benadering .......................................................... 29
3.8.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 30
3.8.3 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 30
4. Depressieve stemmingsstoornissen .................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 31
4.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.1 Psychoanalytische- en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................ 36
4.7.2 Humanistische- en cognitieve benadering ........................................................................................... 38
4.7.3 Bio-medische benadering .................................................................................................................... 41
4.7.4 Systemische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.8.1 Psychoanalytische- en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................ 43
4.8.2 Humanistische- en cognitieve benadering ........................................................................................... 44
4.8.3 Bio-medische benadering .................................................................................................................... 45
4.8.4 Systemische- en online benadering ..................................................................................................... 46
5. Bipolaire stoornissen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 48
5.1.1 Manische episode ................................................................................................................................ 48
5.1.2 Hypomanische epsiode ........................................................................................................................ 49
5.1.3 Depressieve episode ............................................................................................................................ 49
5.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 51
5.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 51
5.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 51
6. Angststoornissen ............................................................................................................................................... 52
6.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 52
6.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
2
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 6.2.1 Fobie ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Sociale angststoornis ............................................................................................................................ 53
6.2.3 Paniekstoornis ...................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.4 Agorafobie ............................................................................................................................................ 54
6.2.5 Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis (GAS)................................................................................................. 54
6.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
6.3.1 Verloop Fobie ....................................................................................................................................... 55
6.3.2 Verloop sociale angststoornis .............................................................................................................. 56
6.3.3 Verloop agorafobie .............................................................................................................................. 56
6.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 56
6.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 57
6.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
6.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 58
6.7.1 Biologische factoren ............................................................................................................................. 58
6.7.2 psychologische theorieën .................................................................................................................... 59
6.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 61
7. Dwangstoornissen ............................................................................................................................................. 63
7.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 63
7.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.1 Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis ........................................................................................................ 64
7.2.2 andere subcategorieën ........................................................................................................................ 65
7.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
7.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 65
7.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 65
7.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 67
8. Middelgerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen ................................................................................................ 70
8.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 71
8.1.1 Intoxicatie ............................................................................................................................................. 71
8.1.2 Ontwenningsverschijnselen ................................................................................................................. 72
8.1.3 Tolerantie ............................................................................................................................................. 72
8.1.4 Fysische afhankelijkheid ....................................................................................................................... 72
8.1.5 Craving ................................................................................................................................................. 73
8.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
8.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
8.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 75
8.4.1 verklaringsmodellen ............................................................................................................................. 76
8.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 76
8.5.1 Alcohol ................................................................................................................................................. 76
3
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
, 8.5.2 Slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen ............................................................................................................. 77
8.5.3 Illegale drugs ........................................................................................................................................ 77
8.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.7.1 psychoanalytische en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................. 78
8.7.2 Cognitieve, differentieel psychologische, sociologische benadering ................................................... 79
8.7.3 biomedische benadering ................................................................................................................. 81
8.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 82
8.8.1 psychoanalytische en behavioristische benadering ............................................................................. 82
8.8.2 Humanistische en cognitieve benadering ............................................................................................ 83
8.2.3 Biomedische benadering ...................................................................................................................... 84
9. Eetstoornissen ................................................................................................................................................... 85
9.1 Symptomatologie ........................................................................................................................................ 85
9.1.1 Voedingsstoornissen ............................................................................................................................ 85
9.1.2 Anorexia nervosa ................................................................................................................................. 86
9.1.3 Orthorexia nervosa .............................................................................................................................. 88
9.1.4 Boulimia nervosa .................................................................................................................................. 88
9.1.5 Bing eating disorder ............................................................................................................................. 89
9.1.6 PICA ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
9.1.7 AFRID .................................................................................................................................................... 90
9.2 Typologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 91
9.3 Verloop ........................................................................................................................................................ 92
9.4 Co-morbiditeit ............................................................................................................................................. 93
9.5 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................................................. 93
9.6 Prognose ..................................................................................................................................................... 94
9.7 Etiologie....................................................................................................................................................... 94
9.8 Behandeling................................................................................................................................................. 96
10. Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen ........................................................................................................................... 97
10.1 Symptomatologie ...................................................................................................................................... 97
10.2 Typologie ................................................................................................................................................... 98
10.2.1 Zonderlinge, bizarre of excentrieke cluster ....................................................................................... 98
10.1.2 Impulsieve, dramatische of emotionele cluster ................................................................................. 99
10.1.3 Angstige cluster ................................................................................................................................ 100
10.3 Verloop .................................................................................................................................................... 101
10.6 Prevalentie .............................................................................................................................................. 101
11. Borderline...................................................................................................................................................... 102
11.1 Symptomatologie .................................................................................................................................... 102
11.2 Typologie ................................................................................................................................................. 104
11.3 Verloop .................................................................................................................................................... 104
11.4 Co-morbiditeit ......................................................................................................................................... 104
4
Nina Van Cauwenberghe
