Med Surge 2 (Nurs 2207 Exam 1) – Respiratory /
Endocrine: Questions And Answers
Oxygenation: Right Ans - the process of delivering oxygen to the blood
Perfusion: Right Ans - circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in
adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells
Ventilation: Right Ans - movement of air in and out of the lungs (inhalation
& exhalation)
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): Right Ans - test that measures dissolved oxygen
and carbon dioxide in arterial blood (commonly gathered in the wrist by
respiratory therapist)
What are the lab ranges for ABGs: Right Ans - 1. pH (7.35 to 7.45)
2. PCO2 (35 to 45)
3. HCO3 (22 to 26)
- Extra: PaO2 (80 to 100)
What is the purpose of pH: Right Ans - to measure the amount of acid
inside the blood
What is the purpose of PCO2: Right Ans - partial pressure of carbon
dioxide, this proves just how well the body is eliminating carbon dioxide with
exhalation
What to remember about Carbon Dioxide: Right Ans - ACIDOTIC (Carbonic
ACID!)
What is the purpose of HCO3: Right Ans - helps the body maintain a normal
pH level, it is known for neutralizing excessive amounts of acid within the
body
What to remember about Bicarbonate: Right Ans - ALKALKALOTIC (BASE!)
,Respiratory Acidosis: Right Ans - accumulation of CO2 within the blood
leading to a acidotic state
Labs:
- pH: below 7.35
- PCO2: above 45
Respiratory Alkalosis: Right Ans - excessive elimination of CO2 leading to
an increased pH level
Labs:
- pH: above 7.45
- PCO2: below 35
Metabolic Acidosis: Right Ans - excessive acid levels or loss of bicarbonate
leading to a decrease pH level
Labs:
- pH: below 7.35
- HCO3: below 22
Metabolic Alkalosis: Right Ans - excessive amounts of bicarbonate in the
body leading to an increase in pH levels
Labs:
- pH: above 7.45
- HCO3: above 26
Hypoexemia: Right Ans - low oxygen in the blood
Atelectasis: Right Ans - collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
Pulmonary Edema: Right Ans - fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Aspiration: Right Ans - breathing fluid, food, vomitus, or an object into the
lungs
Bronchospasms: Right Ans - spasmodic contractions of the bronchial
muscles that constrict the airways in the lungs during an asthma attack
,Hypoventilation: Right Ans - decreased rate or depth of air movement into
the lungs
Respiratory Post-Op Care: Right Ans - 1. Turn cough-deep breath every 2
hours
2. Incentive spirometry
3. Monitor for laryngeal edema post-intubation or bronchoscopy
4. Head of Bed elevated unless contraindicated
5. Splint while coughing
Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - medical emergency that can result from
inflammation of
the larynx or obstruction by a foreign body
What is the most common reason for a Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans -
aspiration of a foreign body item leading to a blocked airway
What group of individuals are at high risk of developing Laryngeal
Obstructions: Right Ans - Heavy Drinkers
Partial Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - allows for some air to pass
through the airway, leading to difficulty breathing and possibly noisy
respiration
Completed Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - blocks the airway entirely,
preventing any air from passing and causing a life-threatening inability to
breathe. This can lead to someone having to get a tracheostomy.
Tracheostomy: Right Ans - creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
What are some reasons why someone could have a Laryngeal Obstruction:
Right Ans - 1. Aspirated food or foreign objects
2. Laryngospasm or edema due to inflammation (Angioedema)
3. Injury (blunt force trauma or getting choked by someone)
4. Anaphylaxis (could even be Hypersensitivity)
5. Tumor
, Angioedema: Right Ans - is a sudden swelling of the deeper layers of the
skin, often affecting areas like the face, lips, throat, and extremities. It can be
triggered by allergies, medications, or other factors
What is the dug class that can cause Angioedema? Right Ans - ACE
Inhibitors (End: pril)
Most Common Manifestations of a Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1.
Increased respiratory rate
2. Labored breathing
3. Use of accessory muscles
4. Retracting rib cage (Late sign: impending lung collapse)
5. Voice changes
6. Adventitious breathe sounds
Manifestations of Partial Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1. Difficulty
breathing (Dyspnea)
2. Noisy breathing, such as Stridor or Wheezing
3. Hoarseness or changes in voice
4. Coughing or choking sensation
5. Anxiety or restlessness due to breathing difficulty
Manifestations of Complete Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1. Inability
to breathe
2. Complete silence or absence of breath sounds
3. Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, or nails)
4. Loss of consciousness
5. Immediate life-threatening emergency requiring urgent intervention
6. Hoarse sounding
7. Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis: Right Ans - coughing up blood or bloody sputum
Signs of Asphyxia: Right Ans - 1. Coughing
2. Choking
3. Gagging
4. Difficulty breathing
5. Use of accessory muscles
6. Inspiratory stridor
Endocrine: Questions And Answers
Oxygenation: Right Ans - the process of delivering oxygen to the blood
Perfusion: Right Ans - circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in
adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells
Ventilation: Right Ans - movement of air in and out of the lungs (inhalation
& exhalation)
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): Right Ans - test that measures dissolved oxygen
and carbon dioxide in arterial blood (commonly gathered in the wrist by
respiratory therapist)
What are the lab ranges for ABGs: Right Ans - 1. pH (7.35 to 7.45)
2. PCO2 (35 to 45)
3. HCO3 (22 to 26)
- Extra: PaO2 (80 to 100)
What is the purpose of pH: Right Ans - to measure the amount of acid
inside the blood
What is the purpose of PCO2: Right Ans - partial pressure of carbon
dioxide, this proves just how well the body is eliminating carbon dioxide with
exhalation
What to remember about Carbon Dioxide: Right Ans - ACIDOTIC (Carbonic
ACID!)
What is the purpose of HCO3: Right Ans - helps the body maintain a normal
pH level, it is known for neutralizing excessive amounts of acid within the
body
What to remember about Bicarbonate: Right Ans - ALKALKALOTIC (BASE!)
,Respiratory Acidosis: Right Ans - accumulation of CO2 within the blood
leading to a acidotic state
Labs:
- pH: below 7.35
- PCO2: above 45
Respiratory Alkalosis: Right Ans - excessive elimination of CO2 leading to
an increased pH level
Labs:
- pH: above 7.45
- PCO2: below 35
Metabolic Acidosis: Right Ans - excessive acid levels or loss of bicarbonate
leading to a decrease pH level
Labs:
- pH: below 7.35
- HCO3: below 22
Metabolic Alkalosis: Right Ans - excessive amounts of bicarbonate in the
body leading to an increase in pH levels
Labs:
- pH: above 7.45
- HCO3: above 26
Hypoexemia: Right Ans - low oxygen in the blood
Atelectasis: Right Ans - collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
Pulmonary Edema: Right Ans - fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Aspiration: Right Ans - breathing fluid, food, vomitus, or an object into the
lungs
Bronchospasms: Right Ans - spasmodic contractions of the bronchial
muscles that constrict the airways in the lungs during an asthma attack
,Hypoventilation: Right Ans - decreased rate or depth of air movement into
the lungs
Respiratory Post-Op Care: Right Ans - 1. Turn cough-deep breath every 2
hours
2. Incentive spirometry
3. Monitor for laryngeal edema post-intubation or bronchoscopy
4. Head of Bed elevated unless contraindicated
5. Splint while coughing
Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - medical emergency that can result from
inflammation of
the larynx or obstruction by a foreign body
What is the most common reason for a Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans -
aspiration of a foreign body item leading to a blocked airway
What group of individuals are at high risk of developing Laryngeal
Obstructions: Right Ans - Heavy Drinkers
Partial Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - allows for some air to pass
through the airway, leading to difficulty breathing and possibly noisy
respiration
Completed Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - blocks the airway entirely,
preventing any air from passing and causing a life-threatening inability to
breathe. This can lead to someone having to get a tracheostomy.
Tracheostomy: Right Ans - creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
What are some reasons why someone could have a Laryngeal Obstruction:
Right Ans - 1. Aspirated food or foreign objects
2. Laryngospasm or edema due to inflammation (Angioedema)
3. Injury (blunt force trauma or getting choked by someone)
4. Anaphylaxis (could even be Hypersensitivity)
5. Tumor
, Angioedema: Right Ans - is a sudden swelling of the deeper layers of the
skin, often affecting areas like the face, lips, throat, and extremities. It can be
triggered by allergies, medications, or other factors
What is the dug class that can cause Angioedema? Right Ans - ACE
Inhibitors (End: pril)
Most Common Manifestations of a Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1.
Increased respiratory rate
2. Labored breathing
3. Use of accessory muscles
4. Retracting rib cage (Late sign: impending lung collapse)
5. Voice changes
6. Adventitious breathe sounds
Manifestations of Partial Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1. Difficulty
breathing (Dyspnea)
2. Noisy breathing, such as Stridor or Wheezing
3. Hoarseness or changes in voice
4. Coughing or choking sensation
5. Anxiety or restlessness due to breathing difficulty
Manifestations of Complete Laryngeal Obstruction: Right Ans - 1. Inability
to breathe
2. Complete silence or absence of breath sounds
3. Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, or nails)
4. Loss of consciousness
5. Immediate life-threatening emergency requiring urgent intervention
6. Hoarse sounding
7. Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis: Right Ans - coughing up blood or bloody sputum
Signs of Asphyxia: Right Ans - 1. Coughing
2. Choking
3. Gagging
4. Difficulty breathing
5. Use of accessory muscles
6. Inspiratory stridor
