ARDMS Echo Board Congenital
with 100% correct answers 2025
what is the bulbus cordis? - answer the outflow tract of the embryonic
heart between the primitive ventricle and the aorta
what do the endocardial cushions form? - answer the atrial septum,
membranous ventricular septum, mitral valve and tricuspid valves
how many pairs of aortic arches form in a fetus? - answer 6 pairs
what are the four categories of adult CHD? - answer abnormal
intracardiac connections, abnormal chamber/vessel connections,
congenital stenotic lesions, and congenital regurgitant lesions
what is a VSD? - answer ventricular septal defect, a hole between the
two ventricles, holosystolic murmur
what is the most common occurring cardiac anomaly? - answer VSD, but
many close
what is the Qp/Qs ratio? - answer a ratio used to assess changes in
cardiac output in the right vs. left heart
what is significant Qp/Qs ratio? - answer 2:1 or higher
what is pulmonary cardiac output? how is it calculated? - answer
measures the cardiac output leaving the RV, p CO = SV x HR
what is systemic cardiac output? how is it calculated? - answer measures
the cardiac output leaving the LV, s CO = SV x HR
, what are the 4 types of VSDs? - answer perimembranous,
muscular/trabecular, outlet/supracristal, and inlet
what is a perimembranous VSD? - answer most common type, found in
the LVOT near the aortic valve
what is a muscular/trabecular VSD? - answer located in the muscular
portion of the IVS, best evaluated in subcostal
what is an outlet/supracristal VSD? - answer located in the RVOT near the
pulmonic valve, by the left CC of aortic valve & adjacent to the pulmonic
valve
what is an inlet VSD? - answer located in the posterior septum, near the
posterior leaflet of the TV
what is normal shunt flow like in VSD? - answer normally left to right, the
smaller the defect the higher the gradient
what Qp/Qs ratio requires surgical intervention? - answer > 1.5:1
what is a PFO? - answer patent foramen ovale, failure of the foramen
ovale to close when the baby is born
how common are PFOs? - answer 25% are patent in adults
what is an ASD? - answer atrial septal defect, the second most common
form of CHD identified in adults
what will a large ASD cause? - answer right heart volume overload and
reduced ventricular compliance
what are the five types of ASDs? - answer septum secundum, septum
primum, sinus venosus, coronary sinus defects, & common atrium
with 100% correct answers 2025
what is the bulbus cordis? - answer the outflow tract of the embryonic
heart between the primitive ventricle and the aorta
what do the endocardial cushions form? - answer the atrial septum,
membranous ventricular septum, mitral valve and tricuspid valves
how many pairs of aortic arches form in a fetus? - answer 6 pairs
what are the four categories of adult CHD? - answer abnormal
intracardiac connections, abnormal chamber/vessel connections,
congenital stenotic lesions, and congenital regurgitant lesions
what is a VSD? - answer ventricular septal defect, a hole between the
two ventricles, holosystolic murmur
what is the most common occurring cardiac anomaly? - answer VSD, but
many close
what is the Qp/Qs ratio? - answer a ratio used to assess changes in
cardiac output in the right vs. left heart
what is significant Qp/Qs ratio? - answer 2:1 or higher
what is pulmonary cardiac output? how is it calculated? - answer
measures the cardiac output leaving the RV, p CO = SV x HR
what is systemic cardiac output? how is it calculated? - answer measures
the cardiac output leaving the LV, s CO = SV x HR
, what are the 4 types of VSDs? - answer perimembranous,
muscular/trabecular, outlet/supracristal, and inlet
what is a perimembranous VSD? - answer most common type, found in
the LVOT near the aortic valve
what is a muscular/trabecular VSD? - answer located in the muscular
portion of the IVS, best evaluated in subcostal
what is an outlet/supracristal VSD? - answer located in the RVOT near the
pulmonic valve, by the left CC of aortic valve & adjacent to the pulmonic
valve
what is an inlet VSD? - answer located in the posterior septum, near the
posterior leaflet of the TV
what is normal shunt flow like in VSD? - answer normally left to right, the
smaller the defect the higher the gradient
what Qp/Qs ratio requires surgical intervention? - answer > 1.5:1
what is a PFO? - answer patent foramen ovale, failure of the foramen
ovale to close when the baby is born
how common are PFOs? - answer 25% are patent in adults
what is an ASD? - answer atrial septal defect, the second most common
form of CHD identified in adults
what will a large ASD cause? - answer right heart volume overload and
reduced ventricular compliance
what are the five types of ASDs? - answer septum secundum, septum
primum, sinus venosus, coronary sinus defects, & common atrium
