TERM 4 WEEK 1 ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES, ABGS, FLUIDS

Normal osmolarity lab value A. 450-600 mosm/l B. 270-300 mosm/l C. 50-250 mosm/l - b. When the body has this concentration of particles to water, it is isotonic Isotonic= happy Which of the following can lead to hypovolemia? (select all that apply) A. Excessive sweating B. Large burns C. Diuretics D. Inadequate fluid intake E. Increased urination - all The body tries to compensate for volume loss by ________ the heart rate and strength of contractions. A. Increasing B. Decreasing - a. Increasing Tachypnea - rapid breathing Xerostomia - dry mouth Hypervolemia - fluid overload. Commonly caused by problems with the kidneys as they are responsible for balancing the salt and fluid in the body. The goal of tx is to rid the body of excess fluid Electrolytes are responsible for: - balancing the amount of water in the body balancing the body's ph (acid/base) level moving waste out of body cells moving nutrients into body cells allowing the body's muscles, heart, nerves, and brain to function properly Potassium lab value - 3.5-5.0 Sodium level - 135-145 Calcium level - 8.5-10.5 Mag level - 1.8-2.2 The electrolyte ________ helps with nerve and muscle cell function while playing an imporant role in the muscle cells in the heart. A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Magnesium D. Potassium - d. Potassium The electrolyte _______ supports the function of nerves and muscles, helps maintain a normal blood pressure, and regulates the body's fluid balance. A. Calcium B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Magnesium - b. Sodium ___________ helps the body maintain strong bones and is mostly stored in teeth and bones to support their hardness. It also helps muscles move, nerves to carry messages between the brain and body, and blood vessels to move blood throughout the body. A. Potassium B. Calcium C. Sodium D. Magnesium - c. Calcium _______ solutions move water from extracellular space into cells A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic D. Crystalloid solutions - b. Hypotonic _______ solutions cause water to leave the cells A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic - a. Hypertonic There is no movement between extracellular and intracellular fluids in ________ solutions A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic - c. Ph level - 7.35-7.45 Hco3 level - 21-28 Co2 level - 35-45 Pao2 level - 80-100 Acid- acidic, acidosis Base- basic, alkaline - acidosis occurs when the levels of acid in the blood are too high alkalosis occurs when the blood becomes too alkaline Respiratory acidosis - the lungs are unable to excrete enough co2 Respiratory alkalosis - the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid. *common causes of metabolic acidosis include: (select all that apply) A. Kidney disease B. Lactic acidosis C. Diabetic acidosis dka D. Severe dehydration E. Severe diarrhea due to loss of too much sodium bicarbonate - all A patient reports to the ed after expereincing 4 days of severe diarrhea. The patient is visibly dehydrated. Which type of acid base imbalance will this patient have? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidsosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis - b. Metabolic acidosis Common causes of metabolic alkalosis - diuretic overuse excess vomiting antacids, Loss of potassium, or sodium from the body quick ingestion of bicarbonate Alcohol abuse Laxatives The nurse is caring for a patient who has been experiencing severe vomiting. What acid base imbalance does the nurse expect?a. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis - b. Metabolic alkalosis _________ is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis due to the action of deep or rapid breathing ridding the body of too much carbon dioxide. A. Hypoventilation B. Hyperventilation - b. What acid base imbalance occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide from the body? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis - c. Respiratory acidosis Common causes of respiratory acidosis - airway diseases such as copd and asthma diseases that affect the chest and breathing ability such as scoliosis Diseases of the lung tissues Medicines that suppress breathing such as narcotics Severe obesisty obstructive sleep apnea *signs and symptoms of dehydration - dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, low bp, low pulse, fatigue, increased hct, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness Hyperkalemia symptoms - peaked t waves (~5.5 k), then qrs widens (~6.5), then asystole (~7) Hypokalemia symptoms - muscle weakness, cramps, ileus, hyporeflexia, parasthesias, flaccid paralysis. Hyponatremia symptoms - lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma Hypernatremia symptoms - water retention (edema), hypertension Red, flushed skin; dry, sticky mucous membranes; increased thirst; elevated temperature; decreased urine output Calcium levels - 8.5-10.5