PY 101 Exam 1
psychology - correct answer ✔the study of mental activity and behavior
psychologist - correct answer ✔someone whose career involves
understanding mental life or predicting behavior
psychological science - correct answer ✔the study of mind, brain, and
behavior, through research
mind - correct answer ✔mental activity
behavior - correct answer ✔the totality of observable human (or animal)
actions
amiable skepticism - correct answer ✔openness and wariness of new
"scientific findings," a component of critical thinking
critical thinking - correct answer ✔the ability to carefully weigh facts when
deciding what to believe; evaluating information using well-supported
evidence
psychological reasoning - correct answer ✔using psychological research to
examine how people typically think, to understand when and why they are
likely to draw erroneous conclusions
True or false: most noncritical thinking comes from a lack of intelligence or
motivation - correct answer ✔False. most biases occur because people are
,motivated to use their intelligence to make sense of events. (more belief in
ESP than evolution, more astrologers than astronomers, e.g.)
8 Types of Reasoning Biases - correct answer ✔1. Confirmation bias: don't
believe everything you think.
2. Failing to accurately judge source credibility.
3. Misunderstanding or not using statistics.
4. Seeing relationships that don't exist.
5. Using relative comparisons.
6. Accepting after-the-fact explanations.
7. Taking mental shortcuts, or heuristics (simple rules).
8. Self-serving bias: failing to see our own inadequacies.
Where did psychology originate? - correct answer ✔As a discipline of
philosophy (e.g. Confucius emphasized human development, education, and
interpersonal relations)
the mind/body problem - correct answer ✔are the mind and body separate or
distinct, or is the mind a subjective experience of ongoing brain activity?; at
first, believed mind was separate from brain
sensus communis - correct answer ✔Da Vinci's theoretical brain location
where all sensory messages arrived
dualism - correct answer ✔philosophy of Descartes in which the mind and
body are separate yet intertwined
, John Stuart Mill - correct answer ✔philosopher declared that psychology
should leave the realms of philosophy and become a science of
experimentation
Wilhelm Wundt - correct answer ✔established the first psychology laboratory
and institute; used "reaction time" to study how quickly people respond to
events; established the method of "introspection"
structuralism - correct answer ✔school of thought based on the idea that
conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying
components; founded by Edward Titchener
William James - correct answer ✔a critic of structuralism, argued that the
mind is much more complex than its elements and therefore cannot be broken
down; called it the "stream of consciousness" and supported functionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins - correct answer ✔the first woman to set up a
psychological laboratory
functionalism - correct answer ✔James' theory that the mind came into
existence over the course of human evolution
Gestalt theory - correct answer ✔the whole of personal experience is
different from the sum of its constituent elements; founded by Max
Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler; perception is subjective and based on
context
unconscious - correct answer ✔the subconscious level hypothesized by
Sigmund Freud
psychology - correct answer ✔the study of mental activity and behavior
psychologist - correct answer ✔someone whose career involves
understanding mental life or predicting behavior
psychological science - correct answer ✔the study of mind, brain, and
behavior, through research
mind - correct answer ✔mental activity
behavior - correct answer ✔the totality of observable human (or animal)
actions
amiable skepticism - correct answer ✔openness and wariness of new
"scientific findings," a component of critical thinking
critical thinking - correct answer ✔the ability to carefully weigh facts when
deciding what to believe; evaluating information using well-supported
evidence
psychological reasoning - correct answer ✔using psychological research to
examine how people typically think, to understand when and why they are
likely to draw erroneous conclusions
True or false: most noncritical thinking comes from a lack of intelligence or
motivation - correct answer ✔False. most biases occur because people are
,motivated to use their intelligence to make sense of events. (more belief in
ESP than evolution, more astrologers than astronomers, e.g.)
8 Types of Reasoning Biases - correct answer ✔1. Confirmation bias: don't
believe everything you think.
2. Failing to accurately judge source credibility.
3. Misunderstanding or not using statistics.
4. Seeing relationships that don't exist.
5. Using relative comparisons.
6. Accepting after-the-fact explanations.
7. Taking mental shortcuts, or heuristics (simple rules).
8. Self-serving bias: failing to see our own inadequacies.
Where did psychology originate? - correct answer ✔As a discipline of
philosophy (e.g. Confucius emphasized human development, education, and
interpersonal relations)
the mind/body problem - correct answer ✔are the mind and body separate or
distinct, or is the mind a subjective experience of ongoing brain activity?; at
first, believed mind was separate from brain
sensus communis - correct answer ✔Da Vinci's theoretical brain location
where all sensory messages arrived
dualism - correct answer ✔philosophy of Descartes in which the mind and
body are separate yet intertwined
, John Stuart Mill - correct answer ✔philosopher declared that psychology
should leave the realms of philosophy and become a science of
experimentation
Wilhelm Wundt - correct answer ✔established the first psychology laboratory
and institute; used "reaction time" to study how quickly people respond to
events; established the method of "introspection"
structuralism - correct answer ✔school of thought based on the idea that
conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying
components; founded by Edward Titchener
William James - correct answer ✔a critic of structuralism, argued that the
mind is much more complex than its elements and therefore cannot be broken
down; called it the "stream of consciousness" and supported functionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins - correct answer ✔the first woman to set up a
psychological laboratory
functionalism - correct answer ✔James' theory that the mind came into
existence over the course of human evolution
Gestalt theory - correct answer ✔the whole of personal experience is
different from the sum of its constituent elements; founded by Max
Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler; perception is subjective and based on
context
unconscious - correct answer ✔the subconscious level hypothesized by
Sigmund Freud
