Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Urine dipstick methodology: Bilirubin *Diazo reaction*
Urine dipstick methodology: Urobilinogen *Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction*
Urine dipstick methodology: Nitrite *Aromatic amine, Griess reaction* (associate with
bacteria)
Urine dipstick methodology: Ketone *Nitroprusside reagent*
Urine dipstick methodology: Blood *Pseudoperoxidase* activity of hemoglobin
Urine dipstick methodology: Leukocyte Azo dye reaction
Urine confirmatory methodology: Clinitest Glucose confirmatory test *(Copper
reduction)*
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Urine confirmatory methodology: Acetest *Ketone* confirmatory test
Urine confirmatory methodology: Ictotest Bilirubin confirmatory test
Urinary markers: Inulin: *exogenous*, ideal marker for GFR
Creatinine: *endogenous*, clearance is used to calculate GFR
Urea: *exogenous*
Radionucleotides: *endogenous*
Beta microglobulin: *exogenous*
Creatinine clearance calculation: Clearance = *(urinary creatinine x volume) / (plasma
creatinine)*
-C = UV/P
-Make sure urine volume is for 24 hours
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Surface area correction:
-(UV/P) x (1.73/surface area)
Urea: Ammonia product of protein breakdown
Secreted/reabsorbed
Crystals in Acid Urine (pathogenic): Amorphous urates
Uric acid crystals (football)
Calcium oxalate (pyramids, dumbbells)
Crystals in Alkaline Urine: Amorphous phosphates
Triple phosphate (coffin)
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Calcium phosphate (needles)
Calcium carbonate (circle with radial striation)
Ammonium biurate (thorny apple)
Beta microglobulin: Used to see *kidney transplant rejection* in urine or *multiple
myeloma* in CSF
Renin: Produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin → angiotensin → aldosterone
Released in response to *low blood pressure* to *reabsorb Na* and *excrete K*
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Regulates water
Questions With Solutions
Urine dipstick methodology: Bilirubin *Diazo reaction*
Urine dipstick methodology: Urobilinogen *Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction*
Urine dipstick methodology: Nitrite *Aromatic amine, Griess reaction* (associate with
bacteria)
Urine dipstick methodology: Ketone *Nitroprusside reagent*
Urine dipstick methodology: Blood *Pseudoperoxidase* activity of hemoglobin
Urine dipstick methodology: Leukocyte Azo dye reaction
Urine confirmatory methodology: Clinitest Glucose confirmatory test *(Copper
reduction)*
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Urine confirmatory methodology: Acetest *Ketone* confirmatory test
Urine confirmatory methodology: Ictotest Bilirubin confirmatory test
Urinary markers: Inulin: *exogenous*, ideal marker for GFR
Creatinine: *endogenous*, clearance is used to calculate GFR
Urea: *exogenous*
Radionucleotides: *endogenous*
Beta microglobulin: *exogenous*
Creatinine clearance calculation: Clearance = *(urinary creatinine x volume) / (plasma
creatinine)*
-C = UV/P
-Make sure urine volume is for 24 hours
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Surface area correction:
-(UV/P) x (1.73/surface area)
Urea: Ammonia product of protein breakdown
Secreted/reabsorbed
Crystals in Acid Urine (pathogenic): Amorphous urates
Uric acid crystals (football)
Calcium oxalate (pyramids, dumbbells)
Crystals in Alkaline Urine: Amorphous phosphates
Triple phosphate (coffin)
, Urinalysis and Body Fluid Practicum
Questions With Solutions
Calcium phosphate (needles)
Calcium carbonate (circle with radial striation)
Ammonium biurate (thorny apple)
Beta microglobulin: Used to see *kidney transplant rejection* in urine or *multiple
myeloma* in CSF
Renin: Produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin → angiotensin → aldosterone
Released in response to *low blood pressure* to *reabsorb Na* and *excrete K*
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Regulates water
