Psychology 101 Chapter 1-4 Exam
Psychodynamic Perspective - ✔️✔️behavior is motivated by inherited instincts,
biological drives, & attempts to resolve personal conflicts between personal need and
society's demands
Random Sample - ✔️✔️a sample of participants selected from the population in a
relatively arbitrary manner
Scientific Method - ✔️✔️sets of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems
Behavioral Perspective - ✔️✔️how behavior is learned or modified by environmental
causes (NURTURE)
Behavioral Data - ✔️✔️reports of observation about the behavior of organisms and the
conditions under which the behavior occur
Cognitive Perspective - ✔️✔️an approach that emphasizes mental process in
perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective - ✔️✔️emphasizes the individual's inherent capacity for
making rational choices and developing maximum potential
Willhelm Wundt - ✔️✔️founding father of psychology
Biological Perspective - ✔️✔️study of physical bases on behavior
Behavior - ✔️✔️organisms that adjust to their environment
Standardization - ✔️✔️using uniform, consistent, procedures in all phases of data
collection
Hypothesis - ✔️✔️tentative and testable statement about the relationship between
causes and consequences
Determinism - ✔️✔️the idea that all events are determined by specific casual factors
(physical, mental, and behavioral)
Theory - ✔️✔️organized set of concepts (used to formulate research)
, Sociocultural Perspective - ✔️✔️studies how an individual's behavior and thinking vary
across situations and cultures
Ivan Pavlov - ✔️✔️Russian Physiologist
Discovered classical conditioning behaviorism
Operational Definition - ✔️✔️standardizes the meaning within an experiment, by
defining a concept in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it
Psychology - ✔️✔️the scientific investigation of mental process and behavior
Independent Variable - ✔️✔️factor manipulated and will cause changes (casual part of
the relationship)
Dependent Variable - ✔️✔️factor affected by independent variable (what is being
measured)
Experimental Method - ✔️✔️research methodology that involves the manipulation of
independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable - ✔️✔️a variable that could produce effects that are confused, or
confounded with the effects of the independent variable
Double-blind Study - ✔️✔️a study in which both participants and researchers are blind
to the status of participants
Placebo Effect - ✔️✔️a phenomena in which an experimental manipulation produces
an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect
Control Group - ✔️✔️participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral
condition to serve as a comparison group
Population - ✔️✔️a group of people or animals of interest to a researcher from which a
sample is drawn
Sample - ✔️✔️a subgroup of a population likely to be representative of the population
as a whole
Correlation Coefficient - ✔️✔️an index of the extent to which two variables are related
Reliability - ✔️✔️a measure's ability to produce consistent results
Validity - ✔️✔️the extent to which a test measures the construct it attempts to assess
or a study adequately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess
Psychodynamic Perspective - ✔️✔️behavior is motivated by inherited instincts,
biological drives, & attempts to resolve personal conflicts between personal need and
society's demands
Random Sample - ✔️✔️a sample of participants selected from the population in a
relatively arbitrary manner
Scientific Method - ✔️✔️sets of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems
Behavioral Perspective - ✔️✔️how behavior is learned or modified by environmental
causes (NURTURE)
Behavioral Data - ✔️✔️reports of observation about the behavior of organisms and the
conditions under which the behavior occur
Cognitive Perspective - ✔️✔️an approach that emphasizes mental process in
perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective - ✔️✔️emphasizes the individual's inherent capacity for
making rational choices and developing maximum potential
Willhelm Wundt - ✔️✔️founding father of psychology
Biological Perspective - ✔️✔️study of physical bases on behavior
Behavior - ✔️✔️organisms that adjust to their environment
Standardization - ✔️✔️using uniform, consistent, procedures in all phases of data
collection
Hypothesis - ✔️✔️tentative and testable statement about the relationship between
causes and consequences
Determinism - ✔️✔️the idea that all events are determined by specific casual factors
(physical, mental, and behavioral)
Theory - ✔️✔️organized set of concepts (used to formulate research)
, Sociocultural Perspective - ✔️✔️studies how an individual's behavior and thinking vary
across situations and cultures
Ivan Pavlov - ✔️✔️Russian Physiologist
Discovered classical conditioning behaviorism
Operational Definition - ✔️✔️standardizes the meaning within an experiment, by
defining a concept in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it
Psychology - ✔️✔️the scientific investigation of mental process and behavior
Independent Variable - ✔️✔️factor manipulated and will cause changes (casual part of
the relationship)
Dependent Variable - ✔️✔️factor affected by independent variable (what is being
measured)
Experimental Method - ✔️✔️research methodology that involves the manipulation of
independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable - ✔️✔️a variable that could produce effects that are confused, or
confounded with the effects of the independent variable
Double-blind Study - ✔️✔️a study in which both participants and researchers are blind
to the status of participants
Placebo Effect - ✔️✔️a phenomena in which an experimental manipulation produces
an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect
Control Group - ✔️✔️participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral
condition to serve as a comparison group
Population - ✔️✔️a group of people or animals of interest to a researcher from which a
sample is drawn
Sample - ✔️✔️a subgroup of a population likely to be representative of the population
as a whole
Correlation Coefficient - ✔️✔️an index of the extent to which two variables are related
Reliability - ✔️✔️a measure's ability to produce consistent results
Validity - ✔️✔️the extent to which a test measures the construct it attempts to assess
or a study adequately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess
