Combined Science Trilogy : Biology
Paper 1(AQA GCSE) Final Exam
Answered Correctly.
Name the two types of cells - Answer Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is a prokaryotic cell? - Answer A cell without a nucleus
Give an example of a prokaryote (Prokaryotic cell) - Answer Bacteria
What is a eukaryotic cell? - Answer cell with a nucleus
Give two examples of eukaryotic cells - Answer Plant & Animal cells
What three sub-cellular structures do plant cells have which animal cells do not? - Answer Permanent
vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts
What is the function of the nucleus? - Answer Contains genetic materials that controls the activities of
the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm? - Answer A gel-like substance where most of the chemical
reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions
What is the function of the cell membrane? - Answer Holds the cell together and controls the passage
of substances
What is the function of the mitochondria? - Answer These are where most of the reactions for aerobic
respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
,What is the function of the ribosome? - Answer These are were proteins are made in the cell through
protein synthesis
What is the function of the cell wall? - Answer To strengthen and support the cell
What is the function of the vacuole? - Answer Contains cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and salts), it
keeps the cell turgid
What is the function of the chloroplast? - Answer This is where photosynthesis takes place, which
makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light
required for photosynthesis
What do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus? - Answer A single circular strand of DNA that floats
freely in the cytoplasm, and some may also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
How many mm are in um? - Answer 1000
What do light microscopes use to work? - Answer Light and lenses to form an image of a specimen.
They let us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures such as nuclei
What is the formula triangle for magnification? - Answer
What do electron microscopes use to work? - Answer Electrons instead of light to form an image. They
have a much higher magnification than light microscopes
How are electron microscopes better than light microscopes? - Answer They allow us to see much
smaller things in greater detail since they have a higher magnification and resolutions. For example,
using an electron microscope, we can see the internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplast
Describe the steps to prepare a slide [Required Practical] - Answer 1) Add a drop of water to the middle
of a clean slide
,2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from
the bottom of one the layers
3)Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tisse into the water on the slide
4) Add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain which is used to highlight objects in the cell by
adding colour to them
5) Place a cover slip on top. To do this, stand the cover slip upright on the slide, next to the water
droplet. Then carefully tilt and lower it so it covers the specimen. Try not to get any air bubbles
underneath it - they'll obstruct your view of the specimen
Describe the steps needed to use a light microscope to look at your slide [Required Practical] - Answer
1) Clip the slide you've prepared onto the stage
2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens
3) Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens
4) Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the
image is roughly in focus.
5) Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob, until you get a clear image of what's on the slide
6) If you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-powered objective lens and
refocus
What is cell differentiation? - Answer Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to
become specialised for its job.
What is cell specialisation? - Answer The process of cells as they develop depending on their location in
a tissue or organ.
What is a stem cell? - Answer A type of undifferentiated which are able to become any type of cell
How are sperm cells specialised? - Answer For reproduction: they have a long tail and a streamlined
head to help it swim to the egg, there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
and it also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane
, How are nerve cells specialised? - Answer For rapid signalling: these cells are long to cover more
distances and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a
network throughout the body
How are muscle cells specialised? - Answer For contraction: these cells are long so that they have space
to contract and have lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
How are root hair cells specialised? - Answer For absorbing water and minerals: they grow into long
"hairs" that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and
mineral ions from the soil
How are phloem and xylem cells specialised? - Answer For transporting substances: phloem cells form
phloem tubes and xylem cells form xylem tubes which transport substances such as food and water
around plants - the cells are joined end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem cells
have few sub cellular structures, so that stuff can flow through them
Define the term chromosome - Answer Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules, they contain your genetic
information
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans? - Answer 23
What is mitosis? - Answer Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each
end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division
What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? - Answer For growth, development and
repair
What is the end result of mitosis? - Answer 2 identical daughter cells
What are stages of growth and DNA replication during mitosis? - Answer 1) In a cell that's not dividing,
the DNA is all spread out in long strings
2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as
mitochondria and ribosomes
Paper 1(AQA GCSE) Final Exam
Answered Correctly.
Name the two types of cells - Answer Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is a prokaryotic cell? - Answer A cell without a nucleus
Give an example of a prokaryote (Prokaryotic cell) - Answer Bacteria
What is a eukaryotic cell? - Answer cell with a nucleus
Give two examples of eukaryotic cells - Answer Plant & Animal cells
What three sub-cellular structures do plant cells have which animal cells do not? - Answer Permanent
vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts
What is the function of the nucleus? - Answer Contains genetic materials that controls the activities of
the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm? - Answer A gel-like substance where most of the chemical
reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions
What is the function of the cell membrane? - Answer Holds the cell together and controls the passage
of substances
What is the function of the mitochondria? - Answer These are where most of the reactions for aerobic
respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
,What is the function of the ribosome? - Answer These are were proteins are made in the cell through
protein synthesis
What is the function of the cell wall? - Answer To strengthen and support the cell
What is the function of the vacuole? - Answer Contains cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and salts), it
keeps the cell turgid
What is the function of the chloroplast? - Answer This is where photosynthesis takes place, which
makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light
required for photosynthesis
What do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus? - Answer A single circular strand of DNA that floats
freely in the cytoplasm, and some may also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.
How many mm are in um? - Answer 1000
What do light microscopes use to work? - Answer Light and lenses to form an image of a specimen.
They let us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures such as nuclei
What is the formula triangle for magnification? - Answer
What do electron microscopes use to work? - Answer Electrons instead of light to form an image. They
have a much higher magnification than light microscopes
How are electron microscopes better than light microscopes? - Answer They allow us to see much
smaller things in greater detail since they have a higher magnification and resolutions. For example,
using an electron microscope, we can see the internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplast
Describe the steps to prepare a slide [Required Practical] - Answer 1) Add a drop of water to the middle
of a clean slide
,2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from
the bottom of one the layers
3)Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tisse into the water on the slide
4) Add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain which is used to highlight objects in the cell by
adding colour to them
5) Place a cover slip on top. To do this, stand the cover slip upright on the slide, next to the water
droplet. Then carefully tilt and lower it so it covers the specimen. Try not to get any air bubbles
underneath it - they'll obstruct your view of the specimen
Describe the steps needed to use a light microscope to look at your slide [Required Practical] - Answer
1) Clip the slide you've prepared onto the stage
2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens
3) Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens
4) Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the
image is roughly in focus.
5) Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob, until you get a clear image of what's on the slide
6) If you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-powered objective lens and
refocus
What is cell differentiation? - Answer Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to
become specialised for its job.
What is cell specialisation? - Answer The process of cells as they develop depending on their location in
a tissue or organ.
What is a stem cell? - Answer A type of undifferentiated which are able to become any type of cell
How are sperm cells specialised? - Answer For reproduction: they have a long tail and a streamlined
head to help it swim to the egg, there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
and it also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane
, How are nerve cells specialised? - Answer For rapid signalling: these cells are long to cover more
distances and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a
network throughout the body
How are muscle cells specialised? - Answer For contraction: these cells are long so that they have space
to contract and have lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
How are root hair cells specialised? - Answer For absorbing water and minerals: they grow into long
"hairs" that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and
mineral ions from the soil
How are phloem and xylem cells specialised? - Answer For transporting substances: phloem cells form
phloem tubes and xylem cells form xylem tubes which transport substances such as food and water
around plants - the cells are joined end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem cells
have few sub cellular structures, so that stuff can flow through them
Define the term chromosome - Answer Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules, they contain your genetic
information
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans? - Answer 23
What is mitosis? - Answer Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each
end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division
What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? - Answer For growth, development and
repair
What is the end result of mitosis? - Answer 2 identical daughter cells
What are stages of growth and DNA replication during mitosis? - Answer 1) In a cell that's not dividing,
the DNA is all spread out in long strings
2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as
mitochondria and ribosomes
