NCARB-Programming Analysis (PA): Qs And As
PRO Forma Statement: Right Ans - 1) a financial projection for the
development of a project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given
estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project. It is a
mean of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and
construction costs.
Nonconforming Uses Right Ans - it is a use that is no longer permitted by
the zoning ordinance. If a new zoning ordinance is being applied to existing
development, there may be properties that contain nonconforming uses. It
concerns uses that do not comply with current zoning regulations but that
were permitted by the zoning ordinances in effect when the structure was
built. Nonconforming uses are allowed to continue unless they are unsafe, or
the owner stops using the property in its original fashion or the property is
destroyed or demolished by fire. Any new use or rebuilding must be in
compliance with existing zoning standards.
U-Value Right Ans - it describes how well a building element transfers heat.
Low U-value = slow heat loss or gain; High U-value = rapid heat loss or gain
(ex: window). Low values indicating better insulation property.
R-Value Right Ans - it measures the thermal resistance in a building
component. Low R-value = rapid heat loss or heat gain; High R-value = slow
heat loss or heat gain. The greater of the resistance, the better thermal
insulation property is.
Thermal Inertia Right Ans - it is the ability of a material to store heat. For
example, concrete walls in an arid climate have a high thermal inertia because
they store heat in daytime and release it slowly at nighttime.
BOMA International Right Ans - it stands for Building Owners and
Managers Association. It is a professional organization for commercial real
estate professionals. These professionals monitor and lobby pertinent
legislative, regulatory and codes/standards issues in relation to the
commercial real estate industry. It is a primary source of information on
building management and operations, development, leasing, building
operating costs, energy consumption patterns, local and national building
codes, legislation, occupancy statistics, technological developments and other
,industry trends. BOMA International has also set standards for measuring
buildings and calculating rentable area.
Planned Unit Development (PUD) Right Ans - Standards for PUDs include
permitted uses:
% FAR
% Open space
% Living space
Number & Config of Parking space
Building Heights
Setbacks
Advantages:
More efficient use of land by grouping compatible use without setback zoning
ordinances
Grouping allows the extra land to be allocated for open space or common use
areas.
Provide a variety of housing options, from single-family detached to row
houses to high-rise apartments and condominiums.
It recaptures diversity and variety of urban living.
Summer Solstice: Right Ans - day that has the maximum hours of sunlight
exposure - June 21 or 22 - lowest angle - depending on the site's location, the
sun rises and sets north of an azimuth through the site.
Winter Solstice: Right Ans - day that has the minimum hours of sunlight
exposure - December 21 or 22 - highest angle - depending on the site's
location, the sun rises and sets south of an azimuth through the site
Equinox Right Ans - day when the hours of sunlight equals the hours of
darkness - March 21 -vernal equinox, September 21 - autumnal equinox - the
sun rises and sets directly above the equator.
Albedo Right Ans - the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is
reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.LOW - 0 (grab, no
reflection):MEDIUM - 0 to 1 (in between):HIGH - 1.0 (no grad, reflection):
Conductivity Right Ans - it is the time rate of flow of heat passes through a
material. LOW conductivity (keep energy): retard the passage of heat, ex:
, sand, natural materials. HIGH conductivity (release energy): lets heat pass
through them quickly, ex: metals, concrete, masonry.
Emissivity Right Ans - Inversely related to albedo is emissivity,
(SRI) Solar Reflectance Index Right Ans - is a measure of a roof's ability to
reject solar heat, defined so that a standard black surface (with reflectivity of
0.05 and emittance of 0.90) has an SRI of 0, and a standard white surface
(with reflectivity of 0.8 and emittance of 0.9) has an SRI of 100. A perfectly
reflective surface would have an SRI of about 122.
For an opaque surface, emissivity and albedo add up to 1.
Human Comfort Zone: Right Ans - Temperature range: 63° （17.22
oC）and 71° (21.66oC)in winter / 66°(18.88oC) and 75° (23.88oC)in summer.
Humidity range: 30% to 60 % to 75% is uncomfortable regardless of the
temperature.
Noise Right Ans - it is unwanted sound. Sound levels are measured in
decibels with a scale value of 1 (threshold of hearing) to 140 (threshold of
pain). One decibel is the smallest difference between two sounds that the
human ear can detect. Noise may be controlled by either locating activities at
some distance from the noise source or by placing physical barriers between
the noise source and the planned activity using noise barriers.
50 to 60 decibels are the comfortable noise level for the average person.
30 decibels are recommended for sleep/study areas.
85 decibels are the safety threshold.
Higher than 85 decibels over a prolong period ≈ hearing impairment.
Solar Orientation Right Ans - it is the direction the length of the building
faces. For most northern hemisphere locations, the best overall orientation is
to have its principal façade facing south or slightly east or west of south. East
of south (5° to 25°, depending on the climatic region) is considered ideal to
balance the desired heat gains in the winter and to minimize heat gains in the
PRO Forma Statement: Right Ans - 1) a financial projection for the
development of a project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given
estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project. It is a
mean of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and
construction costs.
Nonconforming Uses Right Ans - it is a use that is no longer permitted by
the zoning ordinance. If a new zoning ordinance is being applied to existing
development, there may be properties that contain nonconforming uses. It
concerns uses that do not comply with current zoning regulations but that
were permitted by the zoning ordinances in effect when the structure was
built. Nonconforming uses are allowed to continue unless they are unsafe, or
the owner stops using the property in its original fashion or the property is
destroyed or demolished by fire. Any new use or rebuilding must be in
compliance with existing zoning standards.
U-Value Right Ans - it describes how well a building element transfers heat.
Low U-value = slow heat loss or gain; High U-value = rapid heat loss or gain
(ex: window). Low values indicating better insulation property.
R-Value Right Ans - it measures the thermal resistance in a building
component. Low R-value = rapid heat loss or heat gain; High R-value = slow
heat loss or heat gain. The greater of the resistance, the better thermal
insulation property is.
Thermal Inertia Right Ans - it is the ability of a material to store heat. For
example, concrete walls in an arid climate have a high thermal inertia because
they store heat in daytime and release it slowly at nighttime.
BOMA International Right Ans - it stands for Building Owners and
Managers Association. It is a professional organization for commercial real
estate professionals. These professionals monitor and lobby pertinent
legislative, regulatory and codes/standards issues in relation to the
commercial real estate industry. It is a primary source of information on
building management and operations, development, leasing, building
operating costs, energy consumption patterns, local and national building
codes, legislation, occupancy statistics, technological developments and other
,industry trends. BOMA International has also set standards for measuring
buildings and calculating rentable area.
Planned Unit Development (PUD) Right Ans - Standards for PUDs include
permitted uses:
% FAR
% Open space
% Living space
Number & Config of Parking space
Building Heights
Setbacks
Advantages:
More efficient use of land by grouping compatible use without setback zoning
ordinances
Grouping allows the extra land to be allocated for open space or common use
areas.
Provide a variety of housing options, from single-family detached to row
houses to high-rise apartments and condominiums.
It recaptures diversity and variety of urban living.
Summer Solstice: Right Ans - day that has the maximum hours of sunlight
exposure - June 21 or 22 - lowest angle - depending on the site's location, the
sun rises and sets north of an azimuth through the site.
Winter Solstice: Right Ans - day that has the minimum hours of sunlight
exposure - December 21 or 22 - highest angle - depending on the site's
location, the sun rises and sets south of an azimuth through the site
Equinox Right Ans - day when the hours of sunlight equals the hours of
darkness - March 21 -vernal equinox, September 21 - autumnal equinox - the
sun rises and sets directly above the equator.
Albedo Right Ans - the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is
reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.LOW - 0 (grab, no
reflection):MEDIUM - 0 to 1 (in between):HIGH - 1.0 (no grad, reflection):
Conductivity Right Ans - it is the time rate of flow of heat passes through a
material. LOW conductivity (keep energy): retard the passage of heat, ex:
, sand, natural materials. HIGH conductivity (release energy): lets heat pass
through them quickly, ex: metals, concrete, masonry.
Emissivity Right Ans - Inversely related to albedo is emissivity,
(SRI) Solar Reflectance Index Right Ans - is a measure of a roof's ability to
reject solar heat, defined so that a standard black surface (with reflectivity of
0.05 and emittance of 0.90) has an SRI of 0, and a standard white surface
(with reflectivity of 0.8 and emittance of 0.9) has an SRI of 100. A perfectly
reflective surface would have an SRI of about 122.
For an opaque surface, emissivity and albedo add up to 1.
Human Comfort Zone: Right Ans - Temperature range: 63° （17.22
oC）and 71° (21.66oC)in winter / 66°(18.88oC) and 75° (23.88oC)in summer.
Humidity range: 30% to 60 % to 75% is uncomfortable regardless of the
temperature.
Noise Right Ans - it is unwanted sound. Sound levels are measured in
decibels with a scale value of 1 (threshold of hearing) to 140 (threshold of
pain). One decibel is the smallest difference between two sounds that the
human ear can detect. Noise may be controlled by either locating activities at
some distance from the noise source or by placing physical barriers between
the noise source and the planned activity using noise barriers.
50 to 60 decibels are the comfortable noise level for the average person.
30 decibels are recommended for sleep/study areas.
85 decibels are the safety threshold.
Higher than 85 decibels over a prolong period ≈ hearing impairment.
Solar Orientation Right Ans - it is the direction the length of the building
faces. For most northern hemisphere locations, the best overall orientation is
to have its principal façade facing south or slightly east or west of south. East
of south (5° to 25°, depending on the climatic region) is considered ideal to
balance the desired heat gains in the winter and to minimize heat gains in the
