Medical Surgical Nursing
What is hypermetropia? - ANSWERS-
long sitedness, whereby light ray convergence at a point after the retina, and therfore
out of focus. Nearby objects apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
- ANSWERS-
what is myopia? - ANSWERS-near/short sightedness, close is clear, far is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse untill eye is fully grown. also in very young
children.
conditions associated with myopia? - ANSWERS-squint- childhood eyes point in diff.
directions.
lazy eyechildhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - develpoment of cloudy atches inside lense.
Retinal detachment - wherby retina pulls awat from the blood vessel that nourish it
What is astigmatism? - ANSWERS-Failure to converge image at one point on the fovea
(likea refraction rather than focusing)
Causes of astigmatism? - ANSWERS--Hereditary - corneal or lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
What is presbyopia? - ANSWERS-gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby
objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis? - ANSWERS-S.Aureus, Sterp. Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
what is opthalmia neonatorum? - ANSWERS-chlamydia or gonorrheae infection from
infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
What is Episcleritis ? - ANSWERS-Inflamationof localiased superficial episclera
vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to sever inflam @1-3 month
intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated systemic disease)
What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis? - ANSWERS-type 1 hypersensitivity
- seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
,What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis - ANSWERS-inner lining of the eyelid
swells and develops small bumps. Known as papillae, these bumps tend to form after
chronic irritation
what can cause a corneal abbration? - ANSWERS-Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
What can cause corneal ulcer? - ANSWERS-can be secondary to abrasive trauma,
pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact lenses
What are dendritic ulcers? - ANSWERS-Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the
most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy? - ANSWERS-- infectious epithelial
keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or linear)
what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis - ANSWERS-Pain,
generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
what are the symptoms of posterior Uveitis? - ANSWERS-Blurred vision and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
All parts of the posterior chamber may be affected, including the retina, choroid and
optic nerve. It can be caused by bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections.
What are the findings of posterior Uveitis upon opthalmoscopy? - ANSWERS-posterior
uveitis Showing candle wax drippings (white areas)
Anterior uventis is linked to which non infectious diseases? - ANSWERS--Ankyolising
spondilitis,
-behcet syndrom (ulcers eye,mouth & genitals),
-IBS,
-Juvenile arthritis, sarcoidosis (Granulomatous disease),
-seronegative arthropathy
Anterior uventis is linked to which infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-HSV, SYphilis, TB
& varicella zoster
,Intermediate uventis (Cillary body to retina) is linked to which non-infectious disease? -
ANSWERS-Lymphoma, MS and sarcoidosis
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which non-infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-Behcets sydrome,
lymphoma, sarcoidosis2
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-CMV, endogenous
encephalitis, syphalis. TB and varicella zoster
Toxicaris & toxoplasmosis
Workup for suspected uveitis? - ANSWERS-CBC, ESR, Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
Lyme titer
HLA testing for ankylosing spondylarthroses
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis)
Urinalysis (for red blood cells or casts)
Infectious workup (eg, HIV, toxoplasmosis), depending on the presentation
What is a HYPOpyon - ANSWERS-It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior
chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the underlying
episclera
-often co-inside with behcets disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panopthalmitis &
Averse drug reactions
what are anterior synchiae? - ANSWERS-Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS)
Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS result from prolonged appositional contact between the iris and trabecular
meshwork
PAS may reduce outflow of aqueous humor
May lead to raised intraocular pressure
What are floaters? - ANSWERS-Spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs, which float
slowly before the observer's eyes
commony collagen breaking down to fibrils, retinal tears and tear film debris of
conjuctival surface
what are cateracts and how will a pateint present? - ANSWERS-Gradual thickening of
the lens.
Hx of progressive residual deteriation and disturbance in night & near vision
charectoristic of senile cataracts? - ANSWERS--decreased visual acuity
-glare
-Myopia or myopic shift
- monocular diplopia - abnormal curvature of corneal surface , created double vision in 1
eye!
What is intracapsular extraction? - ANSWERS-Extraction of entire lens, including the
posterior capsule and zonules,
caries postoperative comlications
, What is extracapsular extraction - ANSWERS-removal of the lens nucleus through an
opening in the anterior capsule and a relatively large limbal incision, with retention of the
integrity of the posterior capsule
What is phacoemulsification - ANSWERS-extraction of the lens nucleus through an
opening in the anterior capsule; an ultrasonically driven needle is used to fragment the
nucleus of the cataract; the lens substrate is then aspirated through a needle port via a
small limbal or scleral incision
What is optic neuritis? - ANSWERS-demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that
often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
Signs of optic neuritis? - ANSWERS-Decreased pupillary light reaction in the affected
eye:
Varying degrees of vision reduction: From mild acuity to complete vision loss
Abnormal contrast sensitivity and color vision: In almost all patients with adult optic
neuritis who have decreased visual acuity
Altitudinal field defects
Arcuate defects
Nasal steps
Central scotoma
Cecocentral scotoma
Papillitis (swollen disc): Found in one third of patients with optic neuritis
Symptoms of optical neuritis? - ANSWERS--Preceding viral illness
Rapidly impairmed vision in 1 eye or, less commonly, both eyes:
-Dyschromatopsia (change in color perception) in the affected eye: sometimes more
prominent than decreased vision.
Retro-orbital or ocular pain:
+ vision changes & usually exacerbated by eye movement; the pain may precede
vision loss.
-Uhthoff phenomenon = vision loss is exacerbated by heat or exercise
-Pulfrich phenomenon, in which objects moving in a straight line appear to have a
curved trajectory: Presumably caused by asymmetrical conduction between the optic
nerves
Symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa? - ANSWERS-Common symptoms include difficulty
seeing at night and a loss of side (peripheral) vision
What is retinitis pigmentosa? - ANSWERS-rare, genetic disorders that involve a
breakdown and loss of cells in the retina. Mutations in one of more than 50 genes is
involved. There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa.
what is primary open angle glaucoma - ANSWERS-most common type, which tends to
develop slowly over many years
Symtoms of glaucoma? - ANSWERS-intense eye pain
a red eye
a headache
tenderness around the eyes
seeing rings (halo) around lights
blurred vision
What is hypermetropia? - ANSWERS-
long sitedness, whereby light ray convergence at a point after the retina, and therfore
out of focus. Nearby objects apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
- ANSWERS-
what is myopia? - ANSWERS-near/short sightedness, close is clear, far is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse untill eye is fully grown. also in very young
children.
conditions associated with myopia? - ANSWERS-squint- childhood eyes point in diff.
directions.
lazy eyechildhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - develpoment of cloudy atches inside lense.
Retinal detachment - wherby retina pulls awat from the blood vessel that nourish it
What is astigmatism? - ANSWERS-Failure to converge image at one point on the fovea
(likea refraction rather than focusing)
Causes of astigmatism? - ANSWERS--Hereditary - corneal or lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
What is presbyopia? - ANSWERS-gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby
objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis? - ANSWERS-S.Aureus, Sterp. Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
what is opthalmia neonatorum? - ANSWERS-chlamydia or gonorrheae infection from
infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
What is Episcleritis ? - ANSWERS-Inflamationof localiased superficial episclera
vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to sever inflam @1-3 month
intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated systemic disease)
What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis? - ANSWERS-type 1 hypersensitivity
- seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
,What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis - ANSWERS-inner lining of the eyelid
swells and develops small bumps. Known as papillae, these bumps tend to form after
chronic irritation
what can cause a corneal abbration? - ANSWERS-Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
What can cause corneal ulcer? - ANSWERS-can be secondary to abrasive trauma,
pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact lenses
What are dendritic ulcers? - ANSWERS-Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the
most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers? - ANSWERS-Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy? - ANSWERS-- infectious epithelial
keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or linear)
what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis - ANSWERS-Pain,
generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
what are the symptoms of posterior Uveitis? - ANSWERS-Blurred vision and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
All parts of the posterior chamber may be affected, including the retina, choroid and
optic nerve. It can be caused by bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections.
What are the findings of posterior Uveitis upon opthalmoscopy? - ANSWERS-posterior
uveitis Showing candle wax drippings (white areas)
Anterior uventis is linked to which non infectious diseases? - ANSWERS--Ankyolising
spondilitis,
-behcet syndrom (ulcers eye,mouth & genitals),
-IBS,
-Juvenile arthritis, sarcoidosis (Granulomatous disease),
-seronegative arthropathy
Anterior uventis is linked to which infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-HSV, SYphilis, TB
& varicella zoster
,Intermediate uventis (Cillary body to retina) is linked to which non-infectious disease? -
ANSWERS-Lymphoma, MS and sarcoidosis
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which non-infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-Behcets sydrome,
lymphoma, sarcoidosis2
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which infectious diseases? - ANSWERS-CMV, endogenous
encephalitis, syphalis. TB and varicella zoster
Toxicaris & toxoplasmosis
Workup for suspected uveitis? - ANSWERS-CBC, ESR, Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
Lyme titer
HLA testing for ankylosing spondylarthroses
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis)
Urinalysis (for red blood cells or casts)
Infectious workup (eg, HIV, toxoplasmosis), depending on the presentation
What is a HYPOpyon - ANSWERS-It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior
chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the underlying
episclera
-often co-inside with behcets disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panopthalmitis &
Averse drug reactions
what are anterior synchiae? - ANSWERS-Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS)
Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS result from prolonged appositional contact between the iris and trabecular
meshwork
PAS may reduce outflow of aqueous humor
May lead to raised intraocular pressure
What are floaters? - ANSWERS-Spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs, which float
slowly before the observer's eyes
commony collagen breaking down to fibrils, retinal tears and tear film debris of
conjuctival surface
what are cateracts and how will a pateint present? - ANSWERS-Gradual thickening of
the lens.
Hx of progressive residual deteriation and disturbance in night & near vision
charectoristic of senile cataracts? - ANSWERS--decreased visual acuity
-glare
-Myopia or myopic shift
- monocular diplopia - abnormal curvature of corneal surface , created double vision in 1
eye!
What is intracapsular extraction? - ANSWERS-Extraction of entire lens, including the
posterior capsule and zonules,
caries postoperative comlications
, What is extracapsular extraction - ANSWERS-removal of the lens nucleus through an
opening in the anterior capsule and a relatively large limbal incision, with retention of the
integrity of the posterior capsule
What is phacoemulsification - ANSWERS-extraction of the lens nucleus through an
opening in the anterior capsule; an ultrasonically driven needle is used to fragment the
nucleus of the cataract; the lens substrate is then aspirated through a needle port via a
small limbal or scleral incision
What is optic neuritis? - ANSWERS-demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that
often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
Signs of optic neuritis? - ANSWERS-Decreased pupillary light reaction in the affected
eye:
Varying degrees of vision reduction: From mild acuity to complete vision loss
Abnormal contrast sensitivity and color vision: In almost all patients with adult optic
neuritis who have decreased visual acuity
Altitudinal field defects
Arcuate defects
Nasal steps
Central scotoma
Cecocentral scotoma
Papillitis (swollen disc): Found in one third of patients with optic neuritis
Symptoms of optical neuritis? - ANSWERS--Preceding viral illness
Rapidly impairmed vision in 1 eye or, less commonly, both eyes:
-Dyschromatopsia (change in color perception) in the affected eye: sometimes more
prominent than decreased vision.
Retro-orbital or ocular pain:
+ vision changes & usually exacerbated by eye movement; the pain may precede
vision loss.
-Uhthoff phenomenon = vision loss is exacerbated by heat or exercise
-Pulfrich phenomenon, in which objects moving in a straight line appear to have a
curved trajectory: Presumably caused by asymmetrical conduction between the optic
nerves
Symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa? - ANSWERS-Common symptoms include difficulty
seeing at night and a loss of side (peripheral) vision
What is retinitis pigmentosa? - ANSWERS-rare, genetic disorders that involve a
breakdown and loss of cells in the retina. Mutations in one of more than 50 genes is
involved. There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa.
what is primary open angle glaucoma - ANSWERS-most common type, which tends to
develop slowly over many years
Symtoms of glaucoma? - ANSWERS-intense eye pain
a red eye
a headache
tenderness around the eyes
seeing rings (halo) around lights
blurred vision
