©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NTR 301 Exam One Study Guide
Distinguish between/among a nutrient, an essential nutrient, a phytonutrient and a nutraceutical and
give an example of each: - Ans:✔✔-● Nutrient: Provides NOURISHMENT
● Non-essential Nutrient: A nutrient found in food but it doesn't have to be; our BODIES CAN MAKE IT
(ex: cholesterol; made in liver)
● Essential Nutrient: A nutrient of which food is the only or primary source; the BODY CAN'T MAKE IT OR
MAKE ENOUGH OF IT (ex: vitamin c; scurvy caused by deficiency)
● Phytonutrient: Compounds found in food that aren't NECESSARY FOR LIFE/GROWTH BUT MAY
PROTECT AGAINST CERTAIN DISEASES; found in FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (ex: lutein, lycopene, clorophyl)
●Nutraceutical: Compounds NATURALLY FOUND IN FOOD OR PUT INTO FOOD that may PREVENT OR
TREAT diseases; probiotic aka BACTERIA
Identify the 2 major categories of essential nutrients, explains the basis for their classification, and list
their members: - Ans:✔✔-● Approximately 45 NUTRIENTS
● Macronutrients: Present in the body in LARGE AMOUNTS, daily requirements that are relatively large,
present in food in relatively large amounts
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
● Large? Measured in grams; 28 G PER OUNCE
● Members? Protein, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), water
● Water CAN'T PROVIDE ENERGY (exception)
● Micronutrients: Present in the body in SMALL AMOUNTS, daily requirements that are relatively small,
present in food in relatively small amounts
● Small? MILLIGRAM (mg)= 1/1000thg MICROGRAM (mcg)= 1/1000000thg
● Members? Vitamins, minerals
Explain what a calorie represents, list the number of calories provided by a gram of carbohydrate, fat,
protein and alcohol, and calculate the total calories of a food knowing its macronutrient content: -
Ans:✔✔-● Represents the ENERGY CONTENT of a food
● Calorie/kilocalorie
● Unit of heat equal to amount OF ENERGY NECESSARY TO RAISE 1,000G OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE C
● Calorie content of a food? Measures POTENTIAL ENERGY within its components macronutrients;
energy RELEASED FROM MACRONUTRIENTS TO FUEL METABOLIC PROCESSES
● Carbohydrates: 1g= 4 cal
● Protein: 1g= 4 cal
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
● Fat: 1g= 9 cal
● Ethanol (alcohol): 1g= 7 cal
● Total calorie content? MULTIPLE # of grams by amount of calorie per gram (above values) and ADD for
total
Define deficient, marginal, over-consumption and excess; identify the type of effect that results from
each level of intake; the effect itself; the time for development; the nutrients of greatest concern at each
level; and the levels of intake most likely to occur in the US: - Ans:✔✔-● LEVELS OF INTAKE of essential
nutrients
● Deficient, marginal, optimal, over-consumption, excess
● Deficient: LITTLE OR NO intake (amount) over WEEKS TO YEARS (timeframe) resulting in a specific set
of symptoms (outcome) aka DEFICIENCY DISEASES (ex: vitamin D and rickets), represent DIRECT CAUSE
AND EFFECT relationship
● Marginal: LESS THAN OPTIMAL intake over YEARS resulting in increased risk for CHRONIC DISEASES
that are MULTI-FACTORIAL (many contributing factors) (ex: cancer)
● Optimal: Defined using DRI (dietary reference intakes)
● Over-consumption: GREATER THAN OPTIMAL intake over YEARS resulting in increased risk for CHRONIC
DISEASES (indirect; ex: saturated fat and heart disease)
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NTR 301 Exam One Study Guide
Distinguish between/among a nutrient, an essential nutrient, a phytonutrient and a nutraceutical and
give an example of each: - Ans:✔✔-● Nutrient: Provides NOURISHMENT
● Non-essential Nutrient: A nutrient found in food but it doesn't have to be; our BODIES CAN MAKE IT
(ex: cholesterol; made in liver)
● Essential Nutrient: A nutrient of which food is the only or primary source; the BODY CAN'T MAKE IT OR
MAKE ENOUGH OF IT (ex: vitamin c; scurvy caused by deficiency)
● Phytonutrient: Compounds found in food that aren't NECESSARY FOR LIFE/GROWTH BUT MAY
PROTECT AGAINST CERTAIN DISEASES; found in FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (ex: lutein, lycopene, clorophyl)
●Nutraceutical: Compounds NATURALLY FOUND IN FOOD OR PUT INTO FOOD that may PREVENT OR
TREAT diseases; probiotic aka BACTERIA
Identify the 2 major categories of essential nutrients, explains the basis for their classification, and list
their members: - Ans:✔✔-● Approximately 45 NUTRIENTS
● Macronutrients: Present in the body in LARGE AMOUNTS, daily requirements that are relatively large,
present in food in relatively large amounts
Page 1/25
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
● Large? Measured in grams; 28 G PER OUNCE
● Members? Protein, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), water
● Water CAN'T PROVIDE ENERGY (exception)
● Micronutrients: Present in the body in SMALL AMOUNTS, daily requirements that are relatively small,
present in food in relatively small amounts
● Small? MILLIGRAM (mg)= 1/1000thg MICROGRAM (mcg)= 1/1000000thg
● Members? Vitamins, minerals
Explain what a calorie represents, list the number of calories provided by a gram of carbohydrate, fat,
protein and alcohol, and calculate the total calories of a food knowing its macronutrient content: -
Ans:✔✔-● Represents the ENERGY CONTENT of a food
● Calorie/kilocalorie
● Unit of heat equal to amount OF ENERGY NECESSARY TO RAISE 1,000G OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE C
● Calorie content of a food? Measures POTENTIAL ENERGY within its components macronutrients;
energy RELEASED FROM MACRONUTRIENTS TO FUEL METABOLIC PROCESSES
● Carbohydrates: 1g= 4 cal
● Protein: 1g= 4 cal
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
● Fat: 1g= 9 cal
● Ethanol (alcohol): 1g= 7 cal
● Total calorie content? MULTIPLE # of grams by amount of calorie per gram (above values) and ADD for
total
Define deficient, marginal, over-consumption and excess; identify the type of effect that results from
each level of intake; the effect itself; the time for development; the nutrients of greatest concern at each
level; and the levels of intake most likely to occur in the US: - Ans:✔✔-● LEVELS OF INTAKE of essential
nutrients
● Deficient, marginal, optimal, over-consumption, excess
● Deficient: LITTLE OR NO intake (amount) over WEEKS TO YEARS (timeframe) resulting in a specific set
of symptoms (outcome) aka DEFICIENCY DISEASES (ex: vitamin D and rickets), represent DIRECT CAUSE
AND EFFECT relationship
● Marginal: LESS THAN OPTIMAL intake over YEARS resulting in increased risk for CHRONIC DISEASES
that are MULTI-FACTORIAL (many contributing factors) (ex: cancer)
● Optimal: Defined using DRI (dietary reference intakes)
● Over-consumption: GREATER THAN OPTIMAL intake over YEARS resulting in increased risk for CHRONIC
DISEASES (indirect; ex: saturated fat and heart disease)
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