NUR 325 Exam 2 Study Guide, Electrolyte
Imbalances
1. Define and describe the concept of glucose regulation
Answer
-Glucose regulation is the process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels
-The ultimate end result of glucose metabolism is cellular use of glucose for energy
(adenosinetriphosphate [ATP]) synthesis
2. Define euglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia
Answer
-euglycemia is normal blood glucose
-hyperglycemia is high blood glucose
-hypoglycemia is low blood glucose
3. Describe glycogen and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Glycogen, the multibranched polysaccharide of glucose in humans, is how glucose gets stored
by the body and mostly found in the liver and skeletal muscle. Try to think of glycogen as the
body's short-term storage of glucose (while triglycerides in adipose tissues serve as the long-
term storage).
4. Describe glycogenesis and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
glycoge- nesis, the formation of glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and
muscle cells of animals, from glucose. Glycogenesis takes place when blood glucose levels are
sufficiently high to allow excess glucose to be stored in liver and muscle cells
5. Describe counterregulatory hormones and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Counterregulatory hormones have the opposite effect of insulin
,Answer
they increase blood glucose levels.
6. Describe insulin and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Insulin reduces the body's blood sugar levels and provides cells with glucose for energy by
helping cells absorb glucose. Insulin regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream and in- duces
glucose storage in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue, resulting in overall weight gain.
7. Describe insulin resistance and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
The pancreas pumps out more insulin to get blood sugar into cells. Over time, cells stop
responding to all that insulin—they've become insulin resistant. The pancreas keeps making more
insulin to try to make cells respond. Eventually, the pancreas can't keep up, and blood sugar keeps
rising
8. Describe gluconeogenesis and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Glu- coneogenesis provides glucose when dietary intake is insufficient to supply the
requirements of the brain and nervous system, erythrocytes, renal medulla, testes, and
embryonic tissues
9. What are the categories of normal/optimal regulation and impaired regula- tion
Answer
• Normal = euglycemia (BG
70-140 mg/dL, pre and post prandial)
• High blood glucose = hyperglycemia (BG >140 mg/dL &
severe >180mg/dL)
-State of elevated blood glucose levels, defined as more than 100 mg/dL in a fasting state or
140mg/dL after eating (post prandial)
• Low blood glucose = hypoglycemia (BG <70 mg/dL & severe <50 mg/dL)
,10. signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how hypoglycemia occurs
Answer
- signs and symptoms
reduced cognition, tremors, diaphoresis, weakness, hunger, headache, irritability, seizure
occurs by
• Insufficient nutritional intake
• Adverse reaction to medications
• Excessive exercise
• Often a combination of factors
11. signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and how hyperglycemia occurs
Answer
- signs and symptoms
polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (hunger), dehydration,
fatigue, fruity odor to breath, kussmaul breathing, weight loss, hunger, poor wound healing
occurs by
• Insufficient insulin production or secretion
• Excessive counterregulatory hormone secretion
• Deficient hormone signaling
12. What is easier to get your blood sugar back up or blood sugar back down
Answer
-its harder once your blood sugars are down to get it back up
, 13. What hormone lowers glucose?
Answer
insulin (beta cells in pancreas)
-hyperglycemia is insulin resistant and insufficient insulin because it always has high blood sugar
14. What counterregulatory hormones raise glucose?
Answer
•Glucagon (it is what we use to reverse when your sugars are so low)
• Helps bring their sugars up
• Cortisol (fight or flight to allow stress to occur; high stress= high sugars)
• When your cortisol goes up your sugar goes up
-that is why hyperglycemia has excessive counterregulatory hormones because it always has
high blood sugars
15. What are some consequences of hyperglycemia?
Answer
-short term
dehydration
-long term consequences
retinopathy (hypertension stresses the eye) nephropathy (kidney failure)
peripheral neuropathy (tingliness and numbness of the hands and feet) end stage organ disease
-macrovascular angiopathy
hypertension
cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease (high sugars lead to a high choles- terol which
Imbalances
1. Define and describe the concept of glucose regulation
Answer
-Glucose regulation is the process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels
-The ultimate end result of glucose metabolism is cellular use of glucose for energy
(adenosinetriphosphate [ATP]) synthesis
2. Define euglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia
Answer
-euglycemia is normal blood glucose
-hyperglycemia is high blood glucose
-hypoglycemia is low blood glucose
3. Describe glycogen and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Glycogen, the multibranched polysaccharide of glucose in humans, is how glucose gets stored
by the body and mostly found in the liver and skeletal muscle. Try to think of glycogen as the
body's short-term storage of glucose (while triglycerides in adipose tissues serve as the long-
term storage).
4. Describe glycogenesis and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
glycoge- nesis, the formation of glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and
muscle cells of animals, from glucose. Glycogenesis takes place when blood glucose levels are
sufficiently high to allow excess glucose to be stored in liver and muscle cells
5. Describe counterregulatory hormones and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Counterregulatory hormones have the opposite effect of insulin
,Answer
they increase blood glucose levels.
6. Describe insulin and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Insulin reduces the body's blood sugar levels and provides cells with glucose for energy by
helping cells absorb glucose. Insulin regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream and in- duces
glucose storage in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue, resulting in overall weight gain.
7. Describe insulin resistance and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
The pancreas pumps out more insulin to get blood sugar into cells. Over time, cells stop
responding to all that insulin—they've become insulin resistant. The pancreas keeps making more
insulin to try to make cells respond. Eventually, the pancreas can't keep up, and blood sugar keeps
rising
8. Describe gluconeogenesis and how it is related to glucose regulation
Answer
Glu- coneogenesis provides glucose when dietary intake is insufficient to supply the
requirements of the brain and nervous system, erythrocytes, renal medulla, testes, and
embryonic tissues
9. What are the categories of normal/optimal regulation and impaired regula- tion
Answer
• Normal = euglycemia (BG
70-140 mg/dL, pre and post prandial)
• High blood glucose = hyperglycemia (BG >140 mg/dL &
severe >180mg/dL)
-State of elevated blood glucose levels, defined as more than 100 mg/dL in a fasting state or
140mg/dL after eating (post prandial)
• Low blood glucose = hypoglycemia (BG <70 mg/dL & severe <50 mg/dL)
,10. signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how hypoglycemia occurs
Answer
- signs and symptoms
reduced cognition, tremors, diaphoresis, weakness, hunger, headache, irritability, seizure
occurs by
• Insufficient nutritional intake
• Adverse reaction to medications
• Excessive exercise
• Often a combination of factors
11. signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and how hyperglycemia occurs
Answer
- signs and symptoms
polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (hunger), dehydration,
fatigue, fruity odor to breath, kussmaul breathing, weight loss, hunger, poor wound healing
occurs by
• Insufficient insulin production or secretion
• Excessive counterregulatory hormone secretion
• Deficient hormone signaling
12. What is easier to get your blood sugar back up or blood sugar back down
Answer
-its harder once your blood sugars are down to get it back up
, 13. What hormone lowers glucose?
Answer
insulin (beta cells in pancreas)
-hyperglycemia is insulin resistant and insufficient insulin because it always has high blood sugar
14. What counterregulatory hormones raise glucose?
Answer
•Glucagon (it is what we use to reverse when your sugars are so low)
• Helps bring their sugars up
• Cortisol (fight or flight to allow stress to occur; high stress= high sugars)
• When your cortisol goes up your sugar goes up
-that is why hyperglycemia has excessive counterregulatory hormones because it always has
high blood sugars
15. What are some consequences of hyperglycemia?
Answer
-short term
dehydration
-long term consequences
retinopathy (hypertension stresses the eye) nephropathy (kidney failure)
peripheral neuropathy (tingliness and numbness of the hands and feet) end stage organ disease
-macrovascular angiopathy
hypertension
cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease (high sugars lead to a high choles- terol which
