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Samenvatting H20

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hoofdstuk 20 medische fysica en radioprotectie

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H20 : elektrisch potentiaal
Elektrisch potentiaal of spanning V

∆ V = ∆ U / q0 = - W / q 0 eenheid potentiaal: Volt (V)
V = scalair
1 V =1 J/C
1 eV (elektronvolt) = 1,6 . 10-19 J

Verband elektrisch veld E en elektrisch potentiaal ∆ V:
E = - ∆V / ∆s E veld in V / m

Elektrische potentiaal puntlading

Elektrische potentiaal V(r) in een punt op afstand r (steeds positief) van een puntlading q:

kq
V(r) =
r
V afhankelijk teken van de lading

Positieve puntlading: V = + ∞  V = 0 op oneindig
Negatieve puntlading: V = - ∞  V = 0 op oneindig

Equipotentiaal oppervlakken en elektrisch veld

Equipotentiaaloppervlak = oppervlak waarvan alle punten op dezelfde potentiaal liggen

1) Hoe dichter de equipotentiaaloppervlakken bij elkaar liggen, hoe groter het E-veld
2) E-veld wijst in de richting van afnemend potentiaal
3) Equipotentiaaloppervlakken staan op ieder punt loodrecht op elektrische veldlijnen
4) Equipotentiaaloppervlakkken kruisen nooit

Capaciteit

Q
C= eenheid C: Farad (F) = C/V
V
Aε0
C=
d
Effect van diëlektricum op capaciteit condensator:
- Vergroot capaciteit
- Houdt platen op vaste afstand (ook bij oprollen)
- Voorkomt doorslag

E0
E=
K
met K de dimensieloze diëlektrische constante > of = 1:
kvacuum = 1
k lucht = 1,00059
kpapier = 3,7

AK ε0
C=
d

Actie-potentialen en ECG

Oorzaak rustmembraanpotentiaal: ongelijke ionenverdeling in de intracellulaire (ICV) en de extracellulaire vloeistof (ECV)

Rustmembraanpotentiaal = diffusiepotentiaal bij plasmamembraan in rust

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