AP European History Final UPDATED
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Thomas Aquinas - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian
and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in
a comprehensive theology
Crusades - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and
13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the
Muslims
Medieval Universities - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- grew out of cathedral schools; accepted
students from all over Europe; characterized by having a community of scholars in residence,
including at least one professional group of teachers (faculty) that offered a degree in law,
medicine, or theology; also offered courses in the arts, especially philosophy
National Monarchies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Was the proclamation of the people that
they belonged to a specific land/kingdom. England and France were the first major ones.
Dante Alighieri - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine
Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil
and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
Babylonian Captivity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The period when all popes were French
and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the
Great Schism.
Black Death - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across
Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of
persons. (p. 397)
John Calvin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- influential French theologian and pastor during the
Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of
Christian theology later called Calvinism
,Baldassare Castiglione - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- count of Casatico, was an Italian
courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author
Conciliar Movement - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The belief that the Catholic Church should
be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes
Council of Trent - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The congress of learned Roman Catholic
authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and
reconcile with the Protestants.
English Reformation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Result of the disagreement between Henry
VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate
from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom.
Desiderius Erasmus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic
priest, social critic, teacher, theologian, classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style
Florence - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Italy's leading cultural center during Renaissance;
important for trade and commerce;dominated by Medici's
Humanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for
self-realization through reason
Hundred Years War - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- series of campaigns over control of the
throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact-
France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in
1453.
Gustavus Adolphus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- king of Sweden whose victories in battle
made Sweden a European power
Commercial Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- This was the period of economic and
political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
, Fugger Family - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525)
that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the
result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.
The Hapsburgs - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Ruling Families in Spain, Austria, Netherlands,
and part of HRE and fought in the Thirty Years War
Henry IV - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue
of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
mercantilism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An economic policy under which nations sought to
increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling
more goods than they bought
`Balance of Power - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The policy in international relations by
which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to
prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
Jean Baptiste Colbert - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- financial minister for Louis XIV,
furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals
(infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies,
and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American
colonies
Oliver Cromwell - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- English general and statesman who led the
parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
English Civil War - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- civil war in England between the
Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
The Fronde - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's
attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust
the state and turn to absolutism
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Thomas Aquinas - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian
and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in
a comprehensive theology
Crusades - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and
13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the
Muslims
Medieval Universities - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- grew out of cathedral schools; accepted
students from all over Europe; characterized by having a community of scholars in residence,
including at least one professional group of teachers (faculty) that offered a degree in law,
medicine, or theology; also offered courses in the arts, especially philosophy
National Monarchies - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Was the proclamation of the people that
they belonged to a specific land/kingdom. England and France were the first major ones.
Dante Alighieri - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine
Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil
and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
Babylonian Captivity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The period when all popes were French
and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the
Great Schism.
Black Death - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across
Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of
persons. (p. 397)
John Calvin - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- influential French theologian and pastor during the
Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of
Christian theology later called Calvinism
,Baldassare Castiglione - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- count of Casatico, was an Italian
courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author
Conciliar Movement - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The belief that the Catholic Church should
be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes
Council of Trent - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The congress of learned Roman Catholic
authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and
reconcile with the Protestants.
English Reformation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Result of the disagreement between Henry
VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate
from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom.
Desiderius Erasmus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic
priest, social critic, teacher, theologian, classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style
Florence - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Italy's leading cultural center during Renaissance;
important for trade and commerce;dominated by Medici's
Humanism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for
self-realization through reason
Hundred Years War - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- series of campaigns over control of the
throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact-
France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in
1453.
Gustavus Adolphus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- king of Sweden whose victories in battle
made Sweden a European power
Commercial Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- This was the period of economic and
political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
, Fugger Family - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525)
that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the
result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.
The Hapsburgs - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Ruling Families in Spain, Austria, Netherlands,
and part of HRE and fought in the Thirty Years War
Henry IV - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue
of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
mercantilism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- An economic policy under which nations sought to
increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling
more goods than they bought
`Balance of Power - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The policy in international relations by
which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to
prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
Jean Baptiste Colbert - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- financial minister for Louis XIV,
furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals
(infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies,
and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American
colonies
Oliver Cromwell - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- English general and statesman who led the
parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
English Civil War - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- civil war in England between the
Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
The Fronde - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's
attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust
the state and turn to absolutism
