PPGH Exam Questions And
Accurate Answers
What are the 7 domains of public health? - Answer 1. Health improvement
2.Health protection
3. Organisation of health services
4. Improving the quality of health services
5. Practising evidence based medicine
6. Using health information
7. Adopting health attitudes and values
What is the role of NHS England? - Answer -Independent
-Holds money
-Sets priorities
-Budget, planning, delivery and day-to-day operation of the commissioning side of the
NHS
What is the role of clinical commissioning groups? - Answer Commission both primary
and secondary care services
Can commission any service that meets NHS standards and costs
What is the role of public health england? - Answer -Ensuring adequate local public
health infrastructure
-Promoting health communities and healthy behaviours
-Preventing spread of communicable disease
-Protecting against environmental health hazards
-Preparing for and responding to emergencies
Primary care - Answer health care at a basic rather than specialized level for people
making an initial approach to a doctor or nurse for treatment. Acts as a gatekeeper to
services e.g. pharmacies, GP
Secondary care - Answer Routine hospitalization, routine surgery, and specialized
outpatient care, such as consultation with specialists and rehabilitation. Compared to
,primary care, these services are usually brief and more complex, involving advanced
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Includes emergency care
Tertiary care - Answer highly complex care and therapy services from practitioners in a
hospital or overnight facility. Specialist centres e.g. The Walton centre
What does the iceberg metaphor describe? - Answer -Known disease is only tip of the
iceberg (care presented to healthcare services
-Unknown disease is majority:
~Misdiagnosed
~Symptomatic, self medicated
~Symptomatic, not presenting
~Asymptomatic
~At risk
What is health improvement? - Answer Improve health and wellbeing of individuals or
communities by enabling and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices whilst addressing
underlying issues like poverty, lack of educational opportunities and other areas.
Tannahill Model - Answer Model of health promotion
-Health education: Improving knowledge and attitudes to enhance health
-Disease prevention: Reduce or avoid risk of ill health
-Health protection: Safeguarding population through legislation, financial or social
measures
Dahlgreen and Whitehead Model - Answer -Model of structural determinants of health
-Model shows upstream determinants e.g. "education" than can prevent downstream
determinants e.g. "individual lifestyle factors"
Health inequalities - Answer Unjust and avoidable differences in peoples health across
population and between specific population groups
Black Report - Answer Working Group on Inequalities in Health
Showed the gap in health between social classes
Showed that the gap was growing
Believed health inequalities occur due to:
-Artefact explanations
, -Natural or social selection
-Materialist explanations
-Cultural/behavioural explanations
Primary prevention - Answer Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
Aimed at entire population
e.g. laws that restrict alcohol use e.g. opening times or controlling price
Secondary prevention - Answer Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you
cannot completely prevent.
Aimed at particular groups
e.g. targeted interventions with alcoholic women at risk of alcohol exposure to
unplanned pregnancy
Tertiary prevention - Answer -aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic
illness or disability and to support optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal cord injury;
promoting independence for the client who has traumatic brain injury
Wilson-Jugner criteria - Answer -Used as criteria for screening as tools for disease
prevention
-Must be screening for an important health problem
-Latency
-Screening uses recognised testing procedure
-Screening must be available and provide acceptable form of treatments
-Economically viable
Prevention Paradox - Answer -The seemingly contradictory situation where the majority
of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease,
and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population (of the same disease).
-Brings large community benefits but little benefit to individual participants
Health protection - Answer -Encompasses the aim of public health initiatives
-Ensuring safety and quality of food, water, air and the general environment
-Preventing the transmission of communicable diseases
-Managing outbreaks and the other incidents which threaten public health
Accurate Answers
What are the 7 domains of public health? - Answer 1. Health improvement
2.Health protection
3. Organisation of health services
4. Improving the quality of health services
5. Practising evidence based medicine
6. Using health information
7. Adopting health attitudes and values
What is the role of NHS England? - Answer -Independent
-Holds money
-Sets priorities
-Budget, planning, delivery and day-to-day operation of the commissioning side of the
NHS
What is the role of clinical commissioning groups? - Answer Commission both primary
and secondary care services
Can commission any service that meets NHS standards and costs
What is the role of public health england? - Answer -Ensuring adequate local public
health infrastructure
-Promoting health communities and healthy behaviours
-Preventing spread of communicable disease
-Protecting against environmental health hazards
-Preparing for and responding to emergencies
Primary care - Answer health care at a basic rather than specialized level for people
making an initial approach to a doctor or nurse for treatment. Acts as a gatekeeper to
services e.g. pharmacies, GP
Secondary care - Answer Routine hospitalization, routine surgery, and specialized
outpatient care, such as consultation with specialists and rehabilitation. Compared to
,primary care, these services are usually brief and more complex, involving advanced
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Includes emergency care
Tertiary care - Answer highly complex care and therapy services from practitioners in a
hospital or overnight facility. Specialist centres e.g. The Walton centre
What does the iceberg metaphor describe? - Answer -Known disease is only tip of the
iceberg (care presented to healthcare services
-Unknown disease is majority:
~Misdiagnosed
~Symptomatic, self medicated
~Symptomatic, not presenting
~Asymptomatic
~At risk
What is health improvement? - Answer Improve health and wellbeing of individuals or
communities by enabling and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices whilst addressing
underlying issues like poverty, lack of educational opportunities and other areas.
Tannahill Model - Answer Model of health promotion
-Health education: Improving knowledge and attitudes to enhance health
-Disease prevention: Reduce or avoid risk of ill health
-Health protection: Safeguarding population through legislation, financial or social
measures
Dahlgreen and Whitehead Model - Answer -Model of structural determinants of health
-Model shows upstream determinants e.g. "education" than can prevent downstream
determinants e.g. "individual lifestyle factors"
Health inequalities - Answer Unjust and avoidable differences in peoples health across
population and between specific population groups
Black Report - Answer Working Group on Inequalities in Health
Showed the gap in health between social classes
Showed that the gap was growing
Believed health inequalities occur due to:
-Artefact explanations
, -Natural or social selection
-Materialist explanations
-Cultural/behavioural explanations
Primary prevention - Answer Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
Aimed at entire population
e.g. laws that restrict alcohol use e.g. opening times or controlling price
Secondary prevention - Answer Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you
cannot completely prevent.
Aimed at particular groups
e.g. targeted interventions with alcoholic women at risk of alcohol exposure to
unplanned pregnancy
Tertiary prevention - Answer -aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic
illness or disability and to support optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal cord injury;
promoting independence for the client who has traumatic brain injury
Wilson-Jugner criteria - Answer -Used as criteria for screening as tools for disease
prevention
-Must be screening for an important health problem
-Latency
-Screening uses recognised testing procedure
-Screening must be available and provide acceptable form of treatments
-Economically viable
Prevention Paradox - Answer -The seemingly contradictory situation where the majority
of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease,
and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population (of the same disease).
-Brings large community benefits but little benefit to individual participants
Health protection - Answer -Encompasses the aim of public health initiatives
-Ensuring safety and quality of food, water, air and the general environment
-Preventing the transmission of communicable diseases
-Managing outbreaks and the other incidents which threaten public health
