Chapter 03: Theories and Therapies
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric
Mental Health Nursing: A Communication
Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th
Edition
A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent
says, "My child refuses toilet
training and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you
think is wrong?" Select the
nurse's best reply.
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for
independence."
b. "The child needs firmer control. Punish the child for
disobedience and say, 'No.'"
c. "There may be developmental problems. Most children are
toilet trained by age 2
years."
d. "Some undesirable attitudes are developing. A child
psychologist can help you
develop a remedial plan." - ANSWER>>>ANS: A
These negative behaviors are typical of a child around the age of
2 years whose
developmental task is to develop autonomy. The incorrect
options indicate the child's
,behavior is abnormal.
A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet
training, and often shouts,
"No!" when given directions. Using Freud's stages of
psychosexual development, a nurse
would assess the child's behavior is based on which stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Genital - ANSWER>>>ANS: B
In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the anal stage
occurs from age 1 to 3 years
and has, as its focus, toilet training and learning to delay
immediate gratification. The oral
stage occurs between birth and 1 year, the phallic stage occurs
between 3 and 5 years, and the
genital stage occurs between 13 and 20 years.
A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet
training, and often shouts,
"No!" when given direction. The nurse's counseling with the
parent should be based on the
premise that the child is engaged in which of Erikson's
psychosocial crises?
a. Trust versus Mistrust
b. Initiative versus Guilt
c. Industry versus Inferiority
d. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt - ANSWER>>>ANS:
DThe crisis of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt is related to
the developmental task of
, gaining control of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet
training. This psychosocial
crisis occurs during the period of early childhood. Trust versus
Mistrust is the crisis of the
infant, Initiative versus Guilt is the crisis of the preschool and
early school-aged child, and
Industry versus Inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to 12-year-old
child.
A 4-year-old child grabs toys from siblings, saying, "I want that
toy now!" The siblings cry,
and the child's parent becomes upset with the behavior. Using
the Freudian theory, a nurse
can interpret the child's behavior as a product of impulses
originating in the:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - ANSWER>>>ANS: A
The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate
gratification of impulses. The
ego acts as a mediator of behavior and weighs the consequences
of the action, perhaps
determining that taking the toy is not worth the parent's wrath.
The superego would oppose
the impulsive behavior as "not nice." The preconscious is a level
of awareness.
The parent of a 4 year old rewards and praises the child for
helping a younger sibling, being
Varcarolis: Essentials of Psychiatric
Mental Health Nursing: A Communication
Approach to Evidence-Based Care, 4th
Edition
A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent
says, "My child refuses toilet
training and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you
think is wrong?" Select the
nurse's best reply.
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for
independence."
b. "The child needs firmer control. Punish the child for
disobedience and say, 'No.'"
c. "There may be developmental problems. Most children are
toilet trained by age 2
years."
d. "Some undesirable attitudes are developing. A child
psychologist can help you
develop a remedial plan." - ANSWER>>>ANS: A
These negative behaviors are typical of a child around the age of
2 years whose
developmental task is to develop autonomy. The incorrect
options indicate the child's
,behavior is abnormal.
A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet
training, and often shouts,
"No!" when given directions. Using Freud's stages of
psychosexual development, a nurse
would assess the child's behavior is based on which stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Genital - ANSWER>>>ANS: B
In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the anal stage
occurs from age 1 to 3 years
and has, as its focus, toilet training and learning to delay
immediate gratification. The oral
stage occurs between birth and 1 year, the phallic stage occurs
between 3 and 5 years, and the
genital stage occurs between 13 and 20 years.
A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet
training, and often shouts,
"No!" when given direction. The nurse's counseling with the
parent should be based on the
premise that the child is engaged in which of Erikson's
psychosocial crises?
a. Trust versus Mistrust
b. Initiative versus Guilt
c. Industry versus Inferiority
d. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt - ANSWER>>>ANS:
DThe crisis of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt is related to
the developmental task of
, gaining control of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet
training. This psychosocial
crisis occurs during the period of early childhood. Trust versus
Mistrust is the crisis of the
infant, Initiative versus Guilt is the crisis of the preschool and
early school-aged child, and
Industry versus Inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to 12-year-old
child.
A 4-year-old child grabs toys from siblings, saying, "I want that
toy now!" The siblings cry,
and the child's parent becomes upset with the behavior. Using
the Freudian theory, a nurse
can interpret the child's behavior as a product of impulses
originating in the:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - ANSWER>>>ANS: A
The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate
gratification of impulses. The
ego acts as a mediator of behavior and weighs the consequences
of the action, perhaps
determining that taking the toy is not worth the parent's wrath.
The superego would oppose
the impulsive behavior as "not nice." The preconscious is a level
of awareness.
The parent of a 4 year old rewards and praises the child for
helping a younger sibling, being
