,PRE-LAB EXERCISES
When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton
and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the appendicular skeleton, which is formed from the
pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs.
In addition to learning about all the bones of the appendicular skeleton, it is also important to identify
some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp
projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes,
including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It
is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms.
Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms:
Canal:
Condyle:
Facet:
Fissure:
Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull)
Fossa:
Margin:
Process:
Proximal:
Trochanter:
Tubercle:
Tuberosity:
Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important
words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where
they are located.
Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the appendicular skeleton. As you explore these
bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or
specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the
bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings
are in the correct locations, relative to each other.
If you have trouble finding a bone or bone marking, you can always type its name into the search bar to get a
list of 3D anatomical views where that bone or bone marking is highlighted for you.
To access disarticulated bones with color-coded bone markings, select a bone, and then, in the content box,
choose the landmark icon, which shows a bone with pink, yellow, and blue ends.
2
,IN-LAB EXERCISES
Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views to view the Skeletal System Views at
the top of the screen.
You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms.
A. Pectoral Girdle
In the Skeletal System Views, select View 15. Shoulder Girdle to identify the clavicles and scapulae.
The clavicles and scapulae make up the pectoral girdle and are responsible for attaching the upper limbs to
the skeleton as well as providing attachment points for the shoulder muscles.
In the Skeletal System Views, select View 16. Axillary Region to observe how muscles attach to the
clavicles and scapulae.
You can select the systems icons on the left side of the screen to hide blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves. The shoulder has the largest range of motion of any joint in the body, and the many muscles that
attach here stabilize the pectoral girdle to allow for that movement. After identifying the bones and how they
function in muscle stabilization, find their bone markings and answer the questions.
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
3
, Clavicle
Deltoid muscle
Supraspinatus (anterior head)
muscle
Scapula
Infraspinatus
muscle
Deltoid muscle
(posterior head)
Deltoid muscle
(middle head)
4
When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton
and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the appendicular skeleton, which is formed from the
pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs.
In addition to learning about all the bones of the appendicular skeleton, it is also important to identify
some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp
projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes,
including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It
is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms.
Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms:
Canal:
Condyle:
Facet:
Fissure:
Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull)
Fossa:
Margin:
Process:
Proximal:
Trochanter:
Tubercle:
Tuberosity:
Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important
words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where
they are located.
Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the appendicular skeleton. As you explore these
bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or
specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the
bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings
are in the correct locations, relative to each other.
If you have trouble finding a bone or bone marking, you can always type its name into the search bar to get a
list of 3D anatomical views where that bone or bone marking is highlighted for you.
To access disarticulated bones with color-coded bone markings, select a bone, and then, in the content box,
choose the landmark icon, which shows a bone with pink, yellow, and blue ends.
2
,IN-LAB EXERCISES
Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views to view the Skeletal System Views at
the top of the screen.
You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms.
A. Pectoral Girdle
In the Skeletal System Views, select View 15. Shoulder Girdle to identify the clavicles and scapulae.
The clavicles and scapulae make up the pectoral girdle and are responsible for attaching the upper limbs to
the skeleton as well as providing attachment points for the shoulder muscles.
In the Skeletal System Views, select View 16. Axillary Region to observe how muscles attach to the
clavicles and scapulae.
You can select the systems icons on the left side of the screen to hide blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves. The shoulder has the largest range of motion of any joint in the body, and the many muscles that
attach here stabilize the pectoral girdle to allow for that movement. After identifying the bones and how they
function in muscle stabilization, find their bone markings and answer the questions.
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
3
, Clavicle
Deltoid muscle
Supraspinatus (anterior head)
muscle
Scapula
Infraspinatus
muscle
Deltoid muscle
(posterior head)
Deltoid muscle
(middle head)
4
