Pathology 2420 Module 4 - Inflammation and Repair
questions and answer.
what is inflammation? - Answer a host response, not only to cellular /
tissue damage, but also to infection. It is a protective response that is
essential for our survival.
What is the purpose of an inflammatory reaction? - Answer 1. To
destroy or limit the spread of the injurious agent
2. To allow for repair or replacement of the damaged tissue
What are the 5 main steps of the inflammatory response? (5Rs) -
Answer 1. Recognition- An offending agent is recognized by host cells
and molecules
2. Recruitment- Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the
circulation
3. Removal- Agent is destroyed and eliminated by activated leukocytes
and proteins
4. Regulation- The reaction is controlled and terminated
5. Resolution- The damaged tissue is repaired
What are these processes coordinated by? - Answer a variety of
inflammatory cells, and by the release of cytokines and other
mediators.
,What do macrophages do? - Answer recognize microbes and damaged
cells and liberate mediators, which trigger the vascular and cellular
reactions of inflammation.
What are the principles of inflammation? - Answer 1. Inflammation is a
dynamic process that starts with the injury and culminates with healing
or repair
2. It is primarily a protective response, but it may be potentially harmful
3. The inflammatory reaction is non-specific: i.e., a stereotyped process
regardless of the nature of the injury
4. The intensity, duration and outcome of the inflammatory reaction are
modified by a variety of host factors and factors related to the injurious
insult or etiologic agent
5. In order for inflammation to occur, the injury must be non-lethal
What are the major components of the inflammatory response? -
Answer blood vessels
leukocytes (WBC)
How do blood vessels contribute to the inflammatory response? -
Answer 1. Dilation and opening of capillary beds
-Results in increased blood flow
2. Increased permeability
- Protein rich fluid flows out into the tissues
3. Endothelial (blood vessel lining) alteration > increased expression of
adhesion molecules > attract and stop leukocytes
, 4. Endothelial cells contract in response to histamine > leukocytes pass
through interendothelial spaces
How does the retraction of endothelial cells occur? - Answer -induced
by histamine, other mediators
-rapid and short-lived (minutes)
What causes endothelial injury and what occurs? - Answer - caused by
burns, some mircobial toxins
-rapid: may be long lived (hours to days)
What are the 3 major components of the acute inflammatory response?
- Answer 1. vascular events (taking place in arterioles, capillaries,
venules)
2. cellular events (major players here are the white blood cells (WBCs)
or leukocytes)
3. chemical events (release of mediators that cause the changes in cells
and vessels)
What mediates the vascular and cellular events? - Answer chemical
factors/mediators
What do the vascular reactions of acute inflammation consist of? -
Answer changes in the flow of blood and the permeability of vessels,
both designed to maximize the movement of plasma proteins and
leukocytes out of the circulation and into the site of infection or injury.
questions and answer.
what is inflammation? - Answer a host response, not only to cellular /
tissue damage, but also to infection. It is a protective response that is
essential for our survival.
What is the purpose of an inflammatory reaction? - Answer 1. To
destroy or limit the spread of the injurious agent
2. To allow for repair or replacement of the damaged tissue
What are the 5 main steps of the inflammatory response? (5Rs) -
Answer 1. Recognition- An offending agent is recognized by host cells
and molecules
2. Recruitment- Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the
circulation
3. Removal- Agent is destroyed and eliminated by activated leukocytes
and proteins
4. Regulation- The reaction is controlled and terminated
5. Resolution- The damaged tissue is repaired
What are these processes coordinated by? - Answer a variety of
inflammatory cells, and by the release of cytokines and other
mediators.
,What do macrophages do? - Answer recognize microbes and damaged
cells and liberate mediators, which trigger the vascular and cellular
reactions of inflammation.
What are the principles of inflammation? - Answer 1. Inflammation is a
dynamic process that starts with the injury and culminates with healing
or repair
2. It is primarily a protective response, but it may be potentially harmful
3. The inflammatory reaction is non-specific: i.e., a stereotyped process
regardless of the nature of the injury
4. The intensity, duration and outcome of the inflammatory reaction are
modified by a variety of host factors and factors related to the injurious
insult or etiologic agent
5. In order for inflammation to occur, the injury must be non-lethal
What are the major components of the inflammatory response? -
Answer blood vessels
leukocytes (WBC)
How do blood vessels contribute to the inflammatory response? -
Answer 1. Dilation and opening of capillary beds
-Results in increased blood flow
2. Increased permeability
- Protein rich fluid flows out into the tissues
3. Endothelial (blood vessel lining) alteration > increased expression of
adhesion molecules > attract and stop leukocytes
, 4. Endothelial cells contract in response to histamine > leukocytes pass
through interendothelial spaces
How does the retraction of endothelial cells occur? - Answer -induced
by histamine, other mediators
-rapid and short-lived (minutes)
What causes endothelial injury and what occurs? - Answer - caused by
burns, some mircobial toxins
-rapid: may be long lived (hours to days)
What are the 3 major components of the acute inflammatory response?
- Answer 1. vascular events (taking place in arterioles, capillaries,
venules)
2. cellular events (major players here are the white blood cells (WBCs)
or leukocytes)
3. chemical events (release of mediators that cause the changes in cells
and vessels)
What mediates the vascular and cellular events? - Answer chemical
factors/mediators
What do the vascular reactions of acute inflammation consist of? -
Answer changes in the flow of blood and the permeability of vessels,
both designed to maximize the movement of plasma proteins and
leukocytes out of the circulation and into the site of infection or injury.
