PACAT PRACTICE TEST 1 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS 2024.
Somatic mosaicism is when an individual contains two distinct cell populations as a
result of a postzygotic mutation, with phenotypic consequence partially influenced by
the extent of chromosomal rearrangement.
Question
Chromosomal rearrangement is implicated in what somatic change? - ANSWER-
Malignancy
Rearrangement of chromosomes is a somatic change implicated in malignancy.
After 24 hours of fasting what is the source of energy (for gluconeogensis)? - ANSWER-
Amino Acids
During early stages of fasting, glycogen may be used for glycogenolysis. As fasting
continues, glycogen stores are depleted and other precursors are used, among which
are certain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids rather than even chain fatty acids.
Following an automobile accident, physical examination shows damage to a patient's
deltoid muscle and teres minor muscle. The patient is unable to abduct and laterally
rotate their arm. What nerve is likely injured? - ANSWER- The axillary nerve innervates
the deltoid and teres minor muscles. If injured, the arm cannot be abducted or laterally
rotated.
75% of the breast lymphatics drain directly into what nodes? - ANSWER- Pectoral
nodes
Sodium (Na) loses its electron to become sodium ion (Na+). What kind of reaction is
this? - ANSWER- Oxidation reaction
In what part of the body is there a thickened layer of epidermis? - ANSWER- Soles of
feet
What kind of ions do nonmetals form? - ANSWER- anions
Anions are negative ions and cations are positive ions.
Nonmetals are neutral elements. During bonding, they gain electron(s) from the metal
they are reacting with and, as a result, get a negative charge.
,Anna is negative = anion negative
You are presented with a female patient who shows a pervasive pattern of instability in
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. This instability of self-image can
result in feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment. She is very impulsive, often
showing feelings of anger, especially when criticized. She sometimes performs self-
harm by cutting herself and threatens suicide. What disorder may she be exhibiting? -
ANSWER- Borderline Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a self-importance and sense of
entitlement that drive a need to be admired.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust of others, even
stemming to close relationships such as friends, family, and partners. The person
becomes suspicious and guarded with a focus on uncovering clues to validate fears and
suspicions of those around them.
Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by directing one's attention on their inner
life rather than the external world, leading to an aloof and introspective nature. The
patient may focus on internal fantasies rather than any social or sexual relationships.
There is generally a dampened emotional response and indifference toward social
norms.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of concern for the feelings or
needs of others; social rules and obligations are disregarded. The patient may display
heightened irritability, aggression, and/or impulsiveness with a lack of guilt over
consequences. They fail to learn from their experiences.
A 65-year-old woman slips and falls on the bathroom floor. She has a posterior
dislocation of the hip joint and a fracture of the neck of the femur.
Question:
If the acetabulum is fractured at its posterosuperior margin by dislocation of the hip joint,
what bone could be involved? - ANSWER- Ilium
The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone formed
superiorly by the ilium.
The acetabulum is formed posteroinferiorly by the ischium.
The acetabulum is formed anteromedially by the pubis.
The sacrum and the head of the femur do not participate in the formation of the
acetabulum.
Hip bones: - ANSWER- ilium (round/top/posterior),
ischium (posterior/bottom),
pubis (anterior/bottom of ilium)
, In the urea cycle, what does the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate depend upon? -
ANSWER- N-AGA
The essential activator of carbamoyl phosphate in the urea cycle is N-Acetylglutamic
acid, and hence, is an important regulator of the urea cycle.
In cattle, the inherited lack of horns is called "polled" and is due to a single gene locus.
A breeder has one line of cattle that are true-breeding for polled and one line of cattle
that are true-breeding for non-polled.
Question
How could the breeder determine if the polled allele is dominant or recessive? -
ANSWER- Breed one from each line - if ALL offspring show that trait it is dominant (if
not, then there is a chance it may not be)
Synonymous mutations are DNA mutations that do not change the amino acid inserted
into the protein, but they can change the local structure of a protein and the global
folding of the protein.
Question
Which levels of protein structure can synonymous mutations alter? - ANSWER-
Secondary (local structure) and Tertiary Structures (folding)
explanation:
Synonymous mutations can affect the local structure of a protein, which is its secondary
structure. Synonymous mutations can also affect the global folding of a protein, which is
its tertiary structure. Synonymous mutations do not affect the amino acid sequence of
the protein, which is its primary structure.
Free fatty acids are transported in the blood by binding to which of the following
compounds? - ANSWER- Albumin
A patient presents with increased thirst and blurred vision. Analysis of their blood sugar
demonstrates hyperglycemia.
Question
What phenomenon may be observed through analysis of the patient's erythrocytes? -
ANSWER- Crenation
During hyperglycemia, the patient will experience high serum glucose levels, drawing
fluid from the cell to the interstitial spaces and causing cells to shrivel or display
crenation.
Which pairing of an intravenously administered fluid and its effect on both intravascular
fluid volume (IV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) would be correct in a normal
patient?
WITH ANSWERS 2024.
Somatic mosaicism is when an individual contains two distinct cell populations as a
result of a postzygotic mutation, with phenotypic consequence partially influenced by
the extent of chromosomal rearrangement.
Question
Chromosomal rearrangement is implicated in what somatic change? - ANSWER-
Malignancy
Rearrangement of chromosomes is a somatic change implicated in malignancy.
After 24 hours of fasting what is the source of energy (for gluconeogensis)? - ANSWER-
Amino Acids
During early stages of fasting, glycogen may be used for glycogenolysis. As fasting
continues, glycogen stores are depleted and other precursors are used, among which
are certain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids rather than even chain fatty acids.
Following an automobile accident, physical examination shows damage to a patient's
deltoid muscle and teres minor muscle. The patient is unable to abduct and laterally
rotate their arm. What nerve is likely injured? - ANSWER- The axillary nerve innervates
the deltoid and teres minor muscles. If injured, the arm cannot be abducted or laterally
rotated.
75% of the breast lymphatics drain directly into what nodes? - ANSWER- Pectoral
nodes
Sodium (Na) loses its electron to become sodium ion (Na+). What kind of reaction is
this? - ANSWER- Oxidation reaction
In what part of the body is there a thickened layer of epidermis? - ANSWER- Soles of
feet
What kind of ions do nonmetals form? - ANSWER- anions
Anions are negative ions and cations are positive ions.
Nonmetals are neutral elements. During bonding, they gain electron(s) from the metal
they are reacting with and, as a result, get a negative charge.
,Anna is negative = anion negative
You are presented with a female patient who shows a pervasive pattern of instability in
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. This instability of self-image can
result in feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment. She is very impulsive, often
showing feelings of anger, especially when criticized. She sometimes performs self-
harm by cutting herself and threatens suicide. What disorder may she be exhibiting? -
ANSWER- Borderline Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a self-importance and sense of
entitlement that drive a need to be admired.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust of others, even
stemming to close relationships such as friends, family, and partners. The person
becomes suspicious and guarded with a focus on uncovering clues to validate fears and
suspicions of those around them.
Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by directing one's attention on their inner
life rather than the external world, leading to an aloof and introspective nature. The
patient may focus on internal fantasies rather than any social or sexual relationships.
There is generally a dampened emotional response and indifference toward social
norms.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of concern for the feelings or
needs of others; social rules and obligations are disregarded. The patient may display
heightened irritability, aggression, and/or impulsiveness with a lack of guilt over
consequences. They fail to learn from their experiences.
A 65-year-old woman slips and falls on the bathroom floor. She has a posterior
dislocation of the hip joint and a fracture of the neck of the femur.
Question:
If the acetabulum is fractured at its posterosuperior margin by dislocation of the hip joint,
what bone could be involved? - ANSWER- Ilium
The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone formed
superiorly by the ilium.
The acetabulum is formed posteroinferiorly by the ischium.
The acetabulum is formed anteromedially by the pubis.
The sacrum and the head of the femur do not participate in the formation of the
acetabulum.
Hip bones: - ANSWER- ilium (round/top/posterior),
ischium (posterior/bottom),
pubis (anterior/bottom of ilium)
, In the urea cycle, what does the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate depend upon? -
ANSWER- N-AGA
The essential activator of carbamoyl phosphate in the urea cycle is N-Acetylglutamic
acid, and hence, is an important regulator of the urea cycle.
In cattle, the inherited lack of horns is called "polled" and is due to a single gene locus.
A breeder has one line of cattle that are true-breeding for polled and one line of cattle
that are true-breeding for non-polled.
Question
How could the breeder determine if the polled allele is dominant or recessive? -
ANSWER- Breed one from each line - if ALL offspring show that trait it is dominant (if
not, then there is a chance it may not be)
Synonymous mutations are DNA mutations that do not change the amino acid inserted
into the protein, but they can change the local structure of a protein and the global
folding of the protein.
Question
Which levels of protein structure can synonymous mutations alter? - ANSWER-
Secondary (local structure) and Tertiary Structures (folding)
explanation:
Synonymous mutations can affect the local structure of a protein, which is its secondary
structure. Synonymous mutations can also affect the global folding of a protein, which is
its tertiary structure. Synonymous mutations do not affect the amino acid sequence of
the protein, which is its primary structure.
Free fatty acids are transported in the blood by binding to which of the following
compounds? - ANSWER- Albumin
A patient presents with increased thirst and blurred vision. Analysis of their blood sugar
demonstrates hyperglycemia.
Question
What phenomenon may be observed through analysis of the patient's erythrocytes? -
ANSWER- Crenation
During hyperglycemia, the patient will experience high serum glucose levels, drawing
fluid from the cell to the interstitial spaces and causing cells to shrivel or display
crenation.
Which pairing of an intravenously administered fluid and its effect on both intravascular
fluid volume (IV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) would be correct in a normal
patient?
