PSYCH 325 Exam 3 2024/2025 with
correct answers
What are the major categories of emotion - ANSWERS- Physiological: heart rate, blood
pressure, crying
- Subjective feelings: how you feel emotions
- Cognitive: thoughts that accompany subjective feelings
- Motivational/Behavioral: what are you going to do based on those feelings (fight vs.
flight)
What are the different types of self-conscious emotions? - ANSWERS- Guilt, shame,
embarrassment and pride
- Develop later in life because you need to first have a concept of self vs. others
- 15-24 months show some embarrassment when they are the center of attention
- Start to show pride when they achieve new skills
What kinds of outcomes are correlated with shame versus guilt? - ANSWERSo Shame-
feeling that one has fallen short of standards of worth
- Avoid things, keeps head down, gets offended and blames others
- Likely to be more defensive, angry and show less empathy
o Guilt- feeling regret that one is responsible for doing something wrong
- Apologizes, try to make it up/repair it, confess
How should parents talk to their children to encourage guilt rather than shame? -
ANSWERSBlame the behavior not the child
What is emotion regulation and how does it develop? What are strategies that children
use for emotion regulation, and how do they change as children get older? -
ANSWERSo Emotional Regulation: the strategies we use to adjust the intensity and
duration of our emotional reactions so that we can accomplish our goals
o Infancy:
- Limited capacity for self regulation at first
- By 4-6 months, they develop a few strategies
- Need an outside person to help them manage their emotions (pick them up, rub their
back, etc.)
o Early Childhood:
- Contribution of language development
- Shift from less physical strategies to more cognitive strategies (downplay how much
teasing hurts their feelings; sticks and stones)
What prompted the study of parent/child attachment? - ANSWERSRene Spitz 1950s:
there was little emphasis on emotional caregiving
- Raised in orphanages vs. raised in prison with mother
, What is attachment? What distinguishes true "attachment" from a relationship? -
ANSWERSAttachment is the strong, affectionate tie that we have with special people in
our lives
What was Bowlby's general theory? What are the parts of his conceptualization of a
secure base? - ANSWERSo Bowlby's theory of attachment: Infant's early relationships
shape development. Idea of the primary caregiver as a secure base
o SECURE BASE is an attachment figures presence; provides a sense of security and
allows safe exploration
What are the 4 phases of attachment, according to Bowlby? - ANSWERSo Stage 1:
Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness
- Birth-2 months
- Innate attachment behaviors
- Crying/smiling
o Stage 2: Discriminating Sociability
- 2-7 months
- Infant prefers to interact with familiar people
o Stage 3: Clear Cut Attachment
- 7-24 months
- Separation protest/anxiety
- Importance of crawling
o Stage 4: Goal-Corrected Partnerships
- 2 years and on
- Formation of reciprocal relationships
- Child begins to take their parents needs into account
Describe Harry Harlow's attachment research. What were the implications of his study?
- ANSWERSo Research on mother/infant attachment and physical bonding
o Social effects of isolation
o Baby monkeys spent most of the time on the cloth and reached to get their food (goes
against the research that mother infant relationship is just about food) PHYSICAL
TOUCH WAS MORE IMPORTANT
- Monkeys ran to the cloth mother when frightened, this was the monkeys secure base
o Holding infants when they are first born is key
What is the "Strange Situation"? Which parts of it are most important in determining the
child's attachment classification? - ANSWERS- Mary Ainsworth
o When the secure attachment returns after the child is put in a strange situation, the
child stops crying, is comforted and more relaxed
What are Ainsworth's (4) attachment styles, and what kinds of outcomes are associated
with each?
correct answers
What are the major categories of emotion - ANSWERS- Physiological: heart rate, blood
pressure, crying
- Subjective feelings: how you feel emotions
- Cognitive: thoughts that accompany subjective feelings
- Motivational/Behavioral: what are you going to do based on those feelings (fight vs.
flight)
What are the different types of self-conscious emotions? - ANSWERS- Guilt, shame,
embarrassment and pride
- Develop later in life because you need to first have a concept of self vs. others
- 15-24 months show some embarrassment when they are the center of attention
- Start to show pride when they achieve new skills
What kinds of outcomes are correlated with shame versus guilt? - ANSWERSo Shame-
feeling that one has fallen short of standards of worth
- Avoid things, keeps head down, gets offended and blames others
- Likely to be more defensive, angry and show less empathy
o Guilt- feeling regret that one is responsible for doing something wrong
- Apologizes, try to make it up/repair it, confess
How should parents talk to their children to encourage guilt rather than shame? -
ANSWERSBlame the behavior not the child
What is emotion regulation and how does it develop? What are strategies that children
use for emotion regulation, and how do they change as children get older? -
ANSWERSo Emotional Regulation: the strategies we use to adjust the intensity and
duration of our emotional reactions so that we can accomplish our goals
o Infancy:
- Limited capacity for self regulation at first
- By 4-6 months, they develop a few strategies
- Need an outside person to help them manage their emotions (pick them up, rub their
back, etc.)
o Early Childhood:
- Contribution of language development
- Shift from less physical strategies to more cognitive strategies (downplay how much
teasing hurts their feelings; sticks and stones)
What prompted the study of parent/child attachment? - ANSWERSRene Spitz 1950s:
there was little emphasis on emotional caregiving
- Raised in orphanages vs. raised in prison with mother
, What is attachment? What distinguishes true "attachment" from a relationship? -
ANSWERSAttachment is the strong, affectionate tie that we have with special people in
our lives
What was Bowlby's general theory? What are the parts of his conceptualization of a
secure base? - ANSWERSo Bowlby's theory of attachment: Infant's early relationships
shape development. Idea of the primary caregiver as a secure base
o SECURE BASE is an attachment figures presence; provides a sense of security and
allows safe exploration
What are the 4 phases of attachment, according to Bowlby? - ANSWERSo Stage 1:
Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness
- Birth-2 months
- Innate attachment behaviors
- Crying/smiling
o Stage 2: Discriminating Sociability
- 2-7 months
- Infant prefers to interact with familiar people
o Stage 3: Clear Cut Attachment
- 7-24 months
- Separation protest/anxiety
- Importance of crawling
o Stage 4: Goal-Corrected Partnerships
- 2 years and on
- Formation of reciprocal relationships
- Child begins to take their parents needs into account
Describe Harry Harlow's attachment research. What were the implications of his study?
- ANSWERSo Research on mother/infant attachment and physical bonding
o Social effects of isolation
o Baby monkeys spent most of the time on the cloth and reached to get their food (goes
against the research that mother infant relationship is just about food) PHYSICAL
TOUCH WAS MORE IMPORTANT
- Monkeys ran to the cloth mother when frightened, this was the monkeys secure base
o Holding infants when they are first born is key
What is the "Strange Situation"? Which parts of it are most important in determining the
child's attachment classification? - ANSWERS- Mary Ainsworth
o When the secure attachment returns after the child is put in a strange situation, the
child stops crying, is comforted and more relaxed
What are Ainsworth's (4) attachment styles, and what kinds of outcomes are associated
with each?
