NURS 143 Exam 1 Guide With
Complete Solution
third spacing
____ (two words) refers to fluid accumulation most commonly in
TRANSCELLULAR areas of the body. These are SEROUS CAVITIES in which
exchange with the rest of ICF and ECF cannot easily occur. They include:
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal in addition to joint cavities.
osmosis
_____ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane due to
difference in concentration gradient. Hypotonic solutions cause the
movement of water into cells by this mechanism.
osmolality
_____ is the particle concentration of a solution, expressed as the total number
of solute particles per kilogram. 275-290 WNL for serum. For hypertonic
solutions this is higher compared to body fluids.
osmotic pressure
When a more concentrated solution is on one side of a selectively permeable
membrane and a less concentrated solution is on the other side, a pull called
____ (two words) draws the water through the membrane to the more
concentrated side.
oncotic
,_____ pressure refers to the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (like
albumin).
osmotic diuretic
An ____ (two words) is a drug that inhibits the resorption of Na+ and water,
resulting in increased urine output. Mannitol and isosorbide are examples
given IV.
diffusion
_____ is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher
concentration to one of lower concentration.
filtration
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the weight of a solution (i.e.
push). When a difference exists in the hydrostatic pressure on two sides of a
membrane, water and diffusible solutes move out of the solution that has the
higher hydrostatic pressure by the process of _____.
D5W (Dextrose 5% in water)
This is an IV fluid that should NOT be given to infants or patients with head
injuries. It is injected into a vein through an IV to replace deficits of total
body water and provide carbohydrates to the body. ____ (acronym only) is
commonly given for treatment of hypoglycemia. It is never given alone to
expand ECF volume due to the risk of dilution of electrolytes.
tonicity
____ is a comparison to normal patient serum concentration, 0.9%. It refers to
the ability of solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water
,movement from one compartment to another.
isotonic
NS 0.9% NaCl and lactated ringers are IV fluids that are considered _____, i.e.
they have the same osmolarity as body fluid.
Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
____ (two words) is an isotonic solution that is used for ECF fluid deficits in
clients with low serum Na+ or Cl- and METABOLIC acid-base imbalances.
blood
NS 0.9% NaCl is the ONLY IV solution that can be used before or after the
infusion of ____ products.
lactated ringer (LR)
The administration of ____ (two words) is indicated for burns, cases of acute
blood loss from serious injury, intravascular dehydration or dehydration from
loss of bile or diarrhea.
hypovolemia
Dehydration and/or extreme hemorrhaging can bring a patient into a state of
fluid volume deficit (FVD) also known as _____. NS and LR are first line
treatments, when the patient is unable to drink fluids for replacement.
hypo
A patient with hypovolemia has been treated with LR IV successfully. The
patient's BP has improved. The doctor has ordered a switch to a [ hyper /
hypo ] tonic solution to assist with renal excretion of metabolic wastes.
, Hypervolemia
HF, excess Na+/salt intake, and excess NaCl IV intake result in increased body
Na+ levels. This can bring a patient into a state of ____, characterized by
isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by abnormal retention of H2O and Na+
in same proportions.
FVD
Increased Na+, increased specific gravity of urine, and increased Hct are
strong indicators that a patient is in a state of ____ (acronym only).
FVE
Decreased Na+, decreased specific gravity of urine, and decreased Hct are
strong indicators that a patient is in a state of ____ (acronym only).
hyponatremia
The nurse reviewing lab results finds that the patient's serum Na+ level is
107 mEq/L and a urine specific gravity of 1.003. The patient is confused, has
generalized skeletal muscle weakness and diminished DTR. The nurse
suspects this patient may have ____.
hypernatremia
A patient's lab results have come back with serum Na+ level of 165 mEq/L
and a urine specific gravity of 1.045. The patient has altered LOC, is lethargic
and polydipsia (very thirsty). The nurse suspects this patient has ____.
Hgb
Hct = 3 x _____. A good rule of thumb for WNL Hct values.
potassium wasting
Complete Solution
third spacing
____ (two words) refers to fluid accumulation most commonly in
TRANSCELLULAR areas of the body. These are SEROUS CAVITIES in which
exchange with the rest of ICF and ECF cannot easily occur. They include:
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal in addition to joint cavities.
osmosis
_____ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane due to
difference in concentration gradient. Hypotonic solutions cause the
movement of water into cells by this mechanism.
osmolality
_____ is the particle concentration of a solution, expressed as the total number
of solute particles per kilogram. 275-290 WNL for serum. For hypertonic
solutions this is higher compared to body fluids.
osmotic pressure
When a more concentrated solution is on one side of a selectively permeable
membrane and a less concentrated solution is on the other side, a pull called
____ (two words) draws the water through the membrane to the more
concentrated side.
oncotic
,_____ pressure refers to the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (like
albumin).
osmotic diuretic
An ____ (two words) is a drug that inhibits the resorption of Na+ and water,
resulting in increased urine output. Mannitol and isosorbide are examples
given IV.
diffusion
_____ is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher
concentration to one of lower concentration.
filtration
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the weight of a solution (i.e.
push). When a difference exists in the hydrostatic pressure on two sides of a
membrane, water and diffusible solutes move out of the solution that has the
higher hydrostatic pressure by the process of _____.
D5W (Dextrose 5% in water)
This is an IV fluid that should NOT be given to infants or patients with head
injuries. It is injected into a vein through an IV to replace deficits of total
body water and provide carbohydrates to the body. ____ (acronym only) is
commonly given for treatment of hypoglycemia. It is never given alone to
expand ECF volume due to the risk of dilution of electrolytes.
tonicity
____ is a comparison to normal patient serum concentration, 0.9%. It refers to
the ability of solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water
,movement from one compartment to another.
isotonic
NS 0.9% NaCl and lactated ringers are IV fluids that are considered _____, i.e.
they have the same osmolarity as body fluid.
Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
____ (two words) is an isotonic solution that is used for ECF fluid deficits in
clients with low serum Na+ or Cl- and METABOLIC acid-base imbalances.
blood
NS 0.9% NaCl is the ONLY IV solution that can be used before or after the
infusion of ____ products.
lactated ringer (LR)
The administration of ____ (two words) is indicated for burns, cases of acute
blood loss from serious injury, intravascular dehydration or dehydration from
loss of bile or diarrhea.
hypovolemia
Dehydration and/or extreme hemorrhaging can bring a patient into a state of
fluid volume deficit (FVD) also known as _____. NS and LR are first line
treatments, when the patient is unable to drink fluids for replacement.
hypo
A patient with hypovolemia has been treated with LR IV successfully. The
patient's BP has improved. The doctor has ordered a switch to a [ hyper /
hypo ] tonic solution to assist with renal excretion of metabolic wastes.
, Hypervolemia
HF, excess Na+/salt intake, and excess NaCl IV intake result in increased body
Na+ levels. This can bring a patient into a state of ____, characterized by
isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by abnormal retention of H2O and Na+
in same proportions.
FVD
Increased Na+, increased specific gravity of urine, and increased Hct are
strong indicators that a patient is in a state of ____ (acronym only).
FVE
Decreased Na+, decreased specific gravity of urine, and decreased Hct are
strong indicators that a patient is in a state of ____ (acronym only).
hyponatremia
The nurse reviewing lab results finds that the patient's serum Na+ level is
107 mEq/L and a urine specific gravity of 1.003. The patient is confused, has
generalized skeletal muscle weakness and diminished DTR. The nurse
suspects this patient may have ____.
hypernatremia
A patient's lab results have come back with serum Na+ level of 165 mEq/L
and a urine specific gravity of 1.045. The patient has altered LOC, is lethargic
and polydipsia (very thirsty). The nurse suspects this patient has ____.
Hgb
Hct = 3 x _____. A good rule of thumb for WNL Hct values.
potassium wasting
