Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in the newborn? Correct Ans-Cerebral
aqueduct stenosis
CSF production and flow Correct Ans-- Produced by choroid plexus lining the ventricles
- Flows from lateral ventricles into 3rd and 4th ventricles via interventricular foramen of
Monro
- Flows from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
- Flows from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space via foramina of Magendie and
Luschka
Presentation of cerebral aqueduct stenosis Correct Ans-Enlarging head circumference due
to dilation of the ventricles (cranial suture lines are not fused)
Dandy-Walk Malformation Correct Ans-Congenital failure of cerebellar vermis to develop
Cerebellar vermis Correct Ans-Separates the two sides of the cerebellum
Presentation of Dandy-Walker malformation Correct Ans-Massively dilated 4th ventricle
(posterior fossa) with an absent cerebellum, often accompanied by hydrocephalus
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II Correct Ans-Congenital downward displacement of
cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum
What does the brainstem normally pass through? Correct Ans-Foramen magnum
Presentation of Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II Correct Ans-Obstruction of CSF flow
commonly causes hydrocephalus
What is Arnold-Chiari Type II associated with? Correct Ans-Commonly with
meningomeylocele or syringomyelia
Cystic degeneration of the spinal cord Correct Ans-Syringomyelia
Associations of syringomyelia Correct Ans-Arises with trauma or in association with
Arnold-Chiari malformation (Type I)
Where does syringomyelia usually occur? Correct Ans-C8-T1, affecting upper extremities
Presentation of syringomyelia Correct Ans-Upper extremity sensory loss of pain and
temperature with sparing of fine touch and position sense due to cape-like distribution-
anterior white commissure involvement of the spinothalamic tract, sparing of dorsal column
(dorsal column is what contains the fine touch/position sense)
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Where do neurons of spinothalamic tract decussate? Correct Ans-Anterior white
commissure
What happens if syrinx expansion in syringomyelia occurs? Correct Ans-1. Damage of
lower motor neurons of anterior horn leads to muscle atrophy and weakness with decreased
muscle tone and impaired reflexes
2. Horner Syndrome with ptosis (droopy eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), anhidrosis (lack of
sweating) due to disruption of lateral horn of hypothalamospinal tract
Defects that arise from incomplete closure of neural tube Correct Ans-Neural tube defects
Neural tube, neural plate, neural crests embryologically Correct Ans-Neural plate
invaginates to create the neural tube, which runs along cranial to caudal axis of the embryo;
walls of neural tube become CNS, lumen becomes ventricles and spinal canal; neural crest
becomes PNS
What is associated with neural tube defects? Correct Ans-Low folate levels prior to
conception
Detection of neural tube defects Correct Ans-Elevated AFP in maternal blood and amniotic
fluid
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Anencephaly Correct Ans-Absence of skull and brain due to disruption of the cranial end of
the neural tube
Appearance of fetus with anencephaly Correct Ans-Frog like appearance (prominent eyes)
What neural tube defect is associated with maternal polyhydramnios? Correct Ans-
Anencephaly (fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid is impaired)
How does Spina bifida form? Correct Ans-Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close,
causing vertebral defect (disruption of the caudal end of the neural tube)
Name the neural tube defects Correct Ans-1. Anencephaly
2. Spina bifida occulta
3. Spina bifida (meningocele, meningomyelocele)
How Spina bifida occulta present? Correct Ans-Dimple or patch of hair overlying vertebral
defect
How does Spina bifida present? What are the two types? Correct Ans-Cystic protrusion of
underlying tissue through vertebral defect; two types: meningocele and meningomyelocele
Meningocele Correct Ans-Type of spina bifida, protrusion of meninges
Solved
What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in the newborn? Correct Ans-Cerebral
aqueduct stenosis
CSF production and flow Correct Ans-- Produced by choroid plexus lining the ventricles
- Flows from lateral ventricles into 3rd and 4th ventricles via interventricular foramen of
Monro
- Flows from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
- Flows from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space via foramina of Magendie and
Luschka
Presentation of cerebral aqueduct stenosis Correct Ans-Enlarging head circumference due
to dilation of the ventricles (cranial suture lines are not fused)
Dandy-Walk Malformation Correct Ans-Congenital failure of cerebellar vermis to develop
Cerebellar vermis Correct Ans-Separates the two sides of the cerebellum
Presentation of Dandy-Walker malformation Correct Ans-Massively dilated 4th ventricle
(posterior fossa) with an absent cerebellum, often accompanied by hydrocephalus
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II Correct Ans-Congenital downward displacement of
cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum
What does the brainstem normally pass through? Correct Ans-Foramen magnum
Presentation of Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II Correct Ans-Obstruction of CSF flow
commonly causes hydrocephalus
What is Arnold-Chiari Type II associated with? Correct Ans-Commonly with
meningomeylocele or syringomyelia
Cystic degeneration of the spinal cord Correct Ans-Syringomyelia
Associations of syringomyelia Correct Ans-Arises with trauma or in association with
Arnold-Chiari malformation (Type I)
Where does syringomyelia usually occur? Correct Ans-C8-T1, affecting upper extremities
Presentation of syringomyelia Correct Ans-Upper extremity sensory loss of pain and
temperature with sparing of fine touch and position sense due to cape-like distribution-
anterior white commissure involvement of the spinothalamic tract, sparing of dorsal column
(dorsal column is what contains the fine touch/position sense)
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Where do neurons of spinothalamic tract decussate? Correct Ans-Anterior white
commissure
What happens if syrinx expansion in syringomyelia occurs? Correct Ans-1. Damage of
lower motor neurons of anterior horn leads to muscle atrophy and weakness with decreased
muscle tone and impaired reflexes
2. Horner Syndrome with ptosis (droopy eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), anhidrosis (lack of
sweating) due to disruption of lateral horn of hypothalamospinal tract
Defects that arise from incomplete closure of neural tube Correct Ans-Neural tube defects
Neural tube, neural plate, neural crests embryologically Correct Ans-Neural plate
invaginates to create the neural tube, which runs along cranial to caudal axis of the embryo;
walls of neural tube become CNS, lumen becomes ventricles and spinal canal; neural crest
becomes PNS
What is associated with neural tube defects? Correct Ans-Low folate levels prior to
conception
Detection of neural tube defects Correct Ans-Elevated AFP in maternal blood and amniotic
fluid
, Pathoma: Chapter 17 Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Anencephaly Correct Ans-Absence of skull and brain due to disruption of the cranial end of
the neural tube
Appearance of fetus with anencephaly Correct Ans-Frog like appearance (prominent eyes)
What neural tube defect is associated with maternal polyhydramnios? Correct Ans-
Anencephaly (fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid is impaired)
How does Spina bifida form? Correct Ans-Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close,
causing vertebral defect (disruption of the caudal end of the neural tube)
Name the neural tube defects Correct Ans-1. Anencephaly
2. Spina bifida occulta
3. Spina bifida (meningocele, meningomyelocele)
How Spina bifida occulta present? Correct Ans-Dimple or patch of hair overlying vertebral
defect
How does Spina bifida present? What are the two types? Correct Ans-Cystic protrusion of
underlying tissue through vertebral defect; two types: meningocele and meningomyelocele
Meningocele Correct Ans-Type of spina bifida, protrusion of meninges
