General Biology 1 exam 1/224
Questions and Answers
basic features of life - -1. cells = simplest unit of life
2. living organisms maintain homeostasis
3. living organisms interact with their environment
4. living organisms use energy
5. living organisms grow and develop
6. genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction
7. populations evolve from one generation to the next
8. all species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history
CHEEGER
-cell theory - -states that 1) all organisms are composed of cells, 2) cells are
the smallest units of life, 3) new cells come from preexisting cells via cell
division
-respiration - -metabolic reactions that a cell uses to get energy from food
molecules and release waste products
-metabolism - -sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an
organism; chemical reactions involved with the breakdown and synthesis of
cellular molecules
-photosynthesis - -process whereby light energy is captured by plant, algal,
or bacterial cells, and is used to synthesize organic molecules from CO2 and
H2O
-homeostasis - -process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and
bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions - (regulate cellular
metabolism so nutrient molecules are used at an appropriate rate and new
cellular components are synthesized when they are needed)
-growth - -increase in weight or size; production of more or larger cells
-development - -series of changes in the state of an organism; the
underlying process that gives rise to the structure and function of the
organism; produces organisms with a defined set of characteristics;
developmental sequence is determined by genome
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - -genetic material that provides a blueprint
for the organization, development, and function of living things
, -5 core concepts of biology - -1. systems (living systems are interconnected
and interacting)
2. pathways & transformations of energy/matter
3. information flow, exchange, & storage
4. evolution
5. structure & function
-biology - -scientific study of living organisms and how they have evolved
-evolution - -heritable change; phenomenon that populations of organisms
change from one generation to the next
-evolution is not... - -1. progressive (there is no end point)
2. goal oriented
3. starting from scratch (it modifies preexisting structures)
-unity - -all organisms share certain basic properties in common
-diversity - -differences in form, shape, function, structure, color, etc.
-living and nonliving both... - -1. are comprised of the same particles and
chemical elements (C, H, O, P, N, S)
2. obey the same physical and chemical laws
-What do we need for life? - -1. heredity materials (DNA, RNA)
2. raw materials (building blocks to create organism out of)
3. energy inputs (to hold and maintain life)
-binomial nomenclature - -"two word names"; universal & Latin-based; first
word = genus, second word = specific epithet; always underlined or
italicized; system created by Carl Linnaeus
-"Systema Naturae" - -created by Carolus Linnaeus; classified organisms
into nested hierarchies based on shared similarities
-genus - -first word in binomial nomenclature; may occur alone, capitalized
-specific epithet - -second word in binomial nomenclature; must be
preceded by genus; lowercase
-taxonomy - -field of biology concerned with the theory, practice, and rules
of classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses; species with a recent
common ancestor are grouped together, whereas species with a common
ancestor in the very distant past are placed in different groups
, -systematics - -hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
evolutionary relationships
-levels listed most inclusive to least inclusive - -domain, supergroup,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
-adaptation - -any modification that makes an organism better suited to its
way of life
-descent with modification - -populations change over generations;
biological evolution; results in heritable traits that promote survival and
reproductive success
-natural selection is the only way to achieve... - -adaptation
-structure-function relationship - -structure determines function; biological
structures come about as a species adapts to its environment
-example of structure/function - -function: human hand can grasp things
(fine control) and grab objects (power)
structure-to-function relationship: opposable thumb (fine control); touching
fingers to base of hand and wrap thumb on top makes "power grip" possible
-why evolution happens - -1. variations are produced by chance mutations
2. organisms are adapted to particular environments (some may be driven to
extinction)
3. competition exists within and between species
4. natural selection selects "fittest" organisms
5. process occurs constantly in all species of life on Earth
-hierarchy of biological organization - -cell, tissue, organs, organ systems,
organism (species), population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
-cells - -simplest unit of a living organism; surrounded by a membrane and
contains a variety of molecules and macromolecules
-tissues - -association of many cells of the same type
-organs - -two or more types of tissue combined to perform a common
function
-organism - -living thing, maintains order, separated from the environment;
belongs to a particular species
Questions and Answers
basic features of life - -1. cells = simplest unit of life
2. living organisms maintain homeostasis
3. living organisms interact with their environment
4. living organisms use energy
5. living organisms grow and develop
6. genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction
7. populations evolve from one generation to the next
8. all species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history
CHEEGER
-cell theory - -states that 1) all organisms are composed of cells, 2) cells are
the smallest units of life, 3) new cells come from preexisting cells via cell
division
-respiration - -metabolic reactions that a cell uses to get energy from food
molecules and release waste products
-metabolism - -sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an
organism; chemical reactions involved with the breakdown and synthesis of
cellular molecules
-photosynthesis - -process whereby light energy is captured by plant, algal,
or bacterial cells, and is used to synthesize organic molecules from CO2 and
H2O
-homeostasis - -process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and
bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions - (regulate cellular
metabolism so nutrient molecules are used at an appropriate rate and new
cellular components are synthesized when they are needed)
-growth - -increase in weight or size; production of more or larger cells
-development - -series of changes in the state of an organism; the
underlying process that gives rise to the structure and function of the
organism; produces organisms with a defined set of characteristics;
developmental sequence is determined by genome
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - -genetic material that provides a blueprint
for the organization, development, and function of living things
, -5 core concepts of biology - -1. systems (living systems are interconnected
and interacting)
2. pathways & transformations of energy/matter
3. information flow, exchange, & storage
4. evolution
5. structure & function
-biology - -scientific study of living organisms and how they have evolved
-evolution - -heritable change; phenomenon that populations of organisms
change from one generation to the next
-evolution is not... - -1. progressive (there is no end point)
2. goal oriented
3. starting from scratch (it modifies preexisting structures)
-unity - -all organisms share certain basic properties in common
-diversity - -differences in form, shape, function, structure, color, etc.
-living and nonliving both... - -1. are comprised of the same particles and
chemical elements (C, H, O, P, N, S)
2. obey the same physical and chemical laws
-What do we need for life? - -1. heredity materials (DNA, RNA)
2. raw materials (building blocks to create organism out of)
3. energy inputs (to hold and maintain life)
-binomial nomenclature - -"two word names"; universal & Latin-based; first
word = genus, second word = specific epithet; always underlined or
italicized; system created by Carl Linnaeus
-"Systema Naturae" - -created by Carolus Linnaeus; classified organisms
into nested hierarchies based on shared similarities
-genus - -first word in binomial nomenclature; may occur alone, capitalized
-specific epithet - -second word in binomial nomenclature; must be
preceded by genus; lowercase
-taxonomy - -field of biology concerned with the theory, practice, and rules
of classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses; species with a recent
common ancestor are grouped together, whereas species with a common
ancestor in the very distant past are placed in different groups
, -systematics - -hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
evolutionary relationships
-levels listed most inclusive to least inclusive - -domain, supergroup,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
-adaptation - -any modification that makes an organism better suited to its
way of life
-descent with modification - -populations change over generations;
biological evolution; results in heritable traits that promote survival and
reproductive success
-natural selection is the only way to achieve... - -adaptation
-structure-function relationship - -structure determines function; biological
structures come about as a species adapts to its environment
-example of structure/function - -function: human hand can grasp things
(fine control) and grab objects (power)
structure-to-function relationship: opposable thumb (fine control); touching
fingers to base of hand and wrap thumb on top makes "power grip" possible
-why evolution happens - -1. variations are produced by chance mutations
2. organisms are adapted to particular environments (some may be driven to
extinction)
3. competition exists within and between species
4. natural selection selects "fittest" organisms
5. process occurs constantly in all species of life on Earth
-hierarchy of biological organization - -cell, tissue, organs, organ systems,
organism (species), population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
-cells - -simplest unit of a living organism; surrounded by a membrane and
contains a variety of molecules and macromolecules
-tissues - -association of many cells of the same type
-organs - -two or more types of tissue combined to perform a common
function
-organism - -living thing, maintains order, separated from the environment;
belongs to a particular species
