Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa - ansRhinitis
What is the most common cause of rhinitis? - ansRhinovirus
(adenovirus??)
What lines the nasal mucosa? - ansRespiratory epithelium
How does rhinitis present? - ansSneezing, congestion, runny
nose (common cold)
Subtype of rhinitis - ansAllergic rhinitis (Type I
Hypersensitivity)
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis? -
ansType I
What is allergic rhinitis associated with (2)? - ansAsthma
Eczema
What is allergic rhinitis characterized by? - ansCharacterized by
inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils
What is the consequence of repeated bouts of rhinitis? -
ansNasal polyp
Protrusion of edematous, inflamed mucosa - ansNasal polyp
What causes nasal polyps (3 things)? - ansRepeated rhinitis, CF,
aspirin-intolerant asthma
What do you test a child with nasal polyps for? - ansCystic
fibrosis
Triad of aspirin-intolerant asthma - ans1. Asthma
2. Aspirin-induced bronchospasms
3. Nasal polyps
What percentage of asthmatic adults have aspirin-intolerant
asthma? - ans10%
Benign tumor of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels
and fibrous tissue - ansAngiofibroma
,Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Classic age/sex of angiofibroma - ansTeenage male
How does angiofibroma present? - ansTeenage male with
diffuse epistaxis
Malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium -
ansNasopharyngeal carcinoma
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with? - ansEBV
Who does nasopharyngeal carcinoma classically appear in (2
demographics) - ansAfrican children and Chinese adults
Biopsy of pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a
background of lymphocytes is typical of what disease? -
ansNasopharyngeal carcinoma
Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma - ansShows pleomorphic
keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes
What lymph nodes does nasopharyngeal carcinoma typically
involve/present with? - ansCervical lymph nodes
Chinese adult male with large cervical lymph nodes - ansTypical
presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
What is the intermediate filament of epithelial cells? -
ansKeratin
Acute epiglottitis definition - ansInflammation of the epiglottis
Name the two risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma - ansTobacco
and alcohol
Inflammation of the epiglottis - ansAcute epiglottitis (medical
emergency)
What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis? - ansH
influenzae type B (in both immunized and non-immunized
children)
,Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
How does acute epiglottitis present? - ansHigh fever, sore throat,
drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice, inspiratory stridor
What is the main risk of acute epiglottitis? - ansAirway
obstruction (medical emergency!)
What's another name for croup - ansLaryngotracheobronchitis
What is the most common cause of Laryngotracheobronchitis
(croup) - ansParainfluenza virus
Inflammation of the upper airway - ansLaryngotracheobronchitis
(croup)
How does Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) present? -
ansHoarse, "barking" cough and inspiratory stridor
Nodule that arises on the true vocal cord - ansVocal cord nodule
(singer's nodule)
Is vocal cord nodule usually bilateral or unilater? - ansBilateral
What causes vocal cord nodule? - ansExcessive use of vocal
cords
What is vocal cord nodule composed of histologically? -
ansMyxoid (degenerative) connective tissue
Treatment of vocal cord nodule? - ansResting of voice
How does vocal cord nodule present? - ansHoarseness
Benign papillary tumor of the vocal cord - ansLaryngeal
papilloma
What causes laryngeal papilloma? - ansHPV 6 and 11
(associated with koilocytic change in biopsy)
What is the difference in laryngeal papillomas between adults
and children? - ansAdults: single
Children: multiple
How does laryngeal papilloma present? - ansHoarseness
, Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from the epithelial lining of
the vocal cord (usually) - ansLaryngeal carcinoma
What are the risk factors (2 main, 3rd rare) for laryngeal
carcinoma? - ansAlcohol and tobacco; rarely arises from
laryngeal papilloma
How does laryngeal carcinoma present? - ansHoarseness, cough,
stridor
What lines the vocal cords? - ansSquamous epithelium
Infection of the lung parenchyma - ansPneumonia
When does pneumonia occur? - ansWhen normal defenses are
impaired
What are the normal defenses that when impaired can contribute
to pneumonia development (3)? - ans1. Impaired cough reflex
2. damage to mucociliary escalator
3. mucus plugging
What is the mucociliary escalatory, and how can it become
damaged? - ansThe lungs are lined by ciliated epithelium, and
the cilia help push mucus up out of the airway to be swallowed.
It can become damaged in a viral pneumonia, which will then
increase the risk of a superimposed bacterial pneumonia
Clinical features of pneumonia - ansFever and chills, productive
cough with yellow-green (pus) or rusty (blood) sputum,
tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds,
dullness to percussion, elevated WBC
How do you make diagnosis of pneumonia (3 ways) - ansCXR,
sputum gram stain and culture, blood cultures
What sensitizes the pleura of the lung causing pleuritic chest
pain? - ansBradykinin and PGE2 (mediators of pain!!)
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa - ansRhinitis
What is the most common cause of rhinitis? - ansRhinovirus
(adenovirus??)
What lines the nasal mucosa? - ansRespiratory epithelium
How does rhinitis present? - ansSneezing, congestion, runny
nose (common cold)
Subtype of rhinitis - ansAllergic rhinitis (Type I
Hypersensitivity)
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis? -
ansType I
What is allergic rhinitis associated with (2)? - ansAsthma
Eczema
What is allergic rhinitis characterized by? - ansCharacterized by
inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils
What is the consequence of repeated bouts of rhinitis? -
ansNasal polyp
Protrusion of edematous, inflamed mucosa - ansNasal polyp
What causes nasal polyps (3 things)? - ansRepeated rhinitis, CF,
aspirin-intolerant asthma
What do you test a child with nasal polyps for? - ansCystic
fibrosis
Triad of aspirin-intolerant asthma - ans1. Asthma
2. Aspirin-induced bronchospasms
3. Nasal polyps
What percentage of asthmatic adults have aspirin-intolerant
asthma? - ans10%
Benign tumor of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels
and fibrous tissue - ansAngiofibroma
,Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Classic age/sex of angiofibroma - ansTeenage male
How does angiofibroma present? - ansTeenage male with
diffuse epistaxis
Malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium -
ansNasopharyngeal carcinoma
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with? - ansEBV
Who does nasopharyngeal carcinoma classically appear in (2
demographics) - ansAfrican children and Chinese adults
Biopsy of pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a
background of lymphocytes is typical of what disease? -
ansNasopharyngeal carcinoma
Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma - ansShows pleomorphic
keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes
What lymph nodes does nasopharyngeal carcinoma typically
involve/present with? - ansCervical lymph nodes
Chinese adult male with large cervical lymph nodes - ansTypical
presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
What is the intermediate filament of epithelial cells? -
ansKeratin
Acute epiglottitis definition - ansInflammation of the epiglottis
Name the two risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma - ansTobacco
and alcohol
Inflammation of the epiglottis - ansAcute epiglottitis (medical
emergency)
What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis? - ansH
influenzae type B (in both immunized and non-immunized
children)
,Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
How does acute epiglottitis present? - ansHigh fever, sore throat,
drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice, inspiratory stridor
What is the main risk of acute epiglottitis? - ansAirway
obstruction (medical emergency!)
What's another name for croup - ansLaryngotracheobronchitis
What is the most common cause of Laryngotracheobronchitis
(croup) - ansParainfluenza virus
Inflammation of the upper airway - ansLaryngotracheobronchitis
(croup)
How does Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) present? -
ansHoarse, "barking" cough and inspiratory stridor
Nodule that arises on the true vocal cord - ansVocal cord nodule
(singer's nodule)
Is vocal cord nodule usually bilateral or unilater? - ansBilateral
What causes vocal cord nodule? - ansExcessive use of vocal
cords
What is vocal cord nodule composed of histologically? -
ansMyxoid (degenerative) connective tissue
Treatment of vocal cord nodule? - ansResting of voice
How does vocal cord nodule present? - ansHoarseness
Benign papillary tumor of the vocal cord - ansLaryngeal
papilloma
What causes laryngeal papilloma? - ansHPV 6 and 11
(associated with koilocytic change in biopsy)
What is the difference in laryngeal papillomas between adults
and children? - ansAdults: single
Children: multiple
How does laryngeal papilloma present? - ansHoarseness
, Pathoma Chapter 9 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 2024/2025
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from the epithelial lining of
the vocal cord (usually) - ansLaryngeal carcinoma
What are the risk factors (2 main, 3rd rare) for laryngeal
carcinoma? - ansAlcohol and tobacco; rarely arises from
laryngeal papilloma
How does laryngeal carcinoma present? - ansHoarseness, cough,
stridor
What lines the vocal cords? - ansSquamous epithelium
Infection of the lung parenchyma - ansPneumonia
When does pneumonia occur? - ansWhen normal defenses are
impaired
What are the normal defenses that when impaired can contribute
to pneumonia development (3)? - ans1. Impaired cough reflex
2. damage to mucociliary escalator
3. mucus plugging
What is the mucociliary escalatory, and how can it become
damaged? - ansThe lungs are lined by ciliated epithelium, and
the cilia help push mucus up out of the airway to be swallowed.
It can become damaged in a viral pneumonia, which will then
increase the risk of a superimposed bacterial pneumonia
Clinical features of pneumonia - ansFever and chills, productive
cough with yellow-green (pus) or rusty (blood) sputum,
tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds,
dullness to percussion, elevated WBC
How do you make diagnosis of pneumonia (3 ways) - ansCXR,
sputum gram stain and culture, blood cultures
What sensitizes the pleura of the lung causing pleuritic chest
pain? - ansBradykinin and PGE2 (mediators of pain!!)
