Exam (elaborations) NUR 221

Asthma and COPD are primarily treated with ___________ as the antiinflammatory agents and____________ as the bronchodilators️️glucocorticoids; beta2 agonists how do bronchodilators work with asthma and COPD️️symptomatic relief, therefore they do not alter the underlying inflammation that accompanies the disease Specific antiinflammatory effects of glucocoritcoids️️decreased release of inflammatory mediators leukotrienes and histamine, decreased presence of eosinophils and leukocytes in the bronchi, decreased edema Leukotriene Modifiers️️ Leukotriene Modifiers reduce inflammation️️prevent smooth muscle contraction or bronchial airways, decreasing mucous secretion, and reduce vascular permeability inhaled beta2 agonists activate️️receptors in the smooth muscle of the lung, which promotes vasodilation SABAs examples️️Short-acting beta agonist rescue treatment; albuterol, levalbuterol, pirbuterol, terbutaline, and metaproterenol LABAs examples️️Long-acting beta agonist; arformoterol, formoterol, and salmeterol Decongestant agents️️are vasoconstriction (sympathomimetics) agents used to shrink swollen nasal mucous membranes and relieve nasal stuffiness drugs that suppress harmful or non-productive coughs️️antitussives two types of antitussives️️opioid (codeine and hydrocodone) and nonopioid (dextromethorphan) how do opioid antitussives work️️direct action in the CNS medulla, drying effect on mucosa of the respiratory tract how do nonopioid antiussives work️️no analgesic properties, benzonatate what is it and how does it work️️nonopioid antitussive, suppresses cough reflex by numbering stretch receptors in the respiratory tract which prevents stimulation of the medulla reduce viscosity of secretions, allowing the ejection of excessive mucus️️expectorants most common expectorant OTC️️guaifenesin drugs that relate directly with mucus to make it more watery️️mucolytics MAKES THE COUGH MORE PRODUCTIVE Acetylcysteine️️mucolytic adminsitered with a nebulizer, side effects and AE of acetylcysteine️️may trigger bronchospasm, nausea, vomitting, stomatitis (oral ulcers), runny nose; bad smell because it contains sulfer can be used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose if given within 12 to 24 hours after the overdose ingestion️️Acetylcysteine By which mechanism do sympathomimetics work?️️Activating alpha1-adrenergic receptors on nasal blood vessels; these are decongestants t/f antitussives work on pain️️False, they just reduce the cough drug abuse associated with decongestants️️pseudoephedrine and ephedrine are associated with abuse because they are easily converted to meth promote water intake when taking️️guaifenesin should not be mixed with other medications️️Acetylcysteine contrindication of decongestants️️include narrow-angle glaucoma, uncontrolled cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attacks, and prostatitis topical vs oral admin of decongestants️️topical(nasal)= more rapid vasoconstriction