Knowledge clip 1 – A Behavioural Approach to Solve Societal Problems
Grimmelikhuijsen et al. article:
Behavioural public administration emerged from: subfield of public administration
Not new: it’s an old idea: Herbert Simon 20th century (founding founders public
administration): ‘Decision making is the hearth of administration, and that the vocabulary
of administrative theory must be derived from logic and psychology of human choice’.
Thus: Theories from psychology and other behavioural sciences to better understand
public administration.
The amount of public administration articles that use psychology has increased.
What is BPA? Definition: The interdisciplinary analysis of public administration from
the micro-level perspective of individual behaviour and attitudes by drawing on recent
advances in our understanding of the underlying psychology and behaviour of individuals
and groups.
o 1. Microlevel: individuals and groups of citizens, employers, and managers within
the public sector unit of analysis.
o 2. Behaviour and attitudes: look at individuals and how they make their decisions.
o 3. Integrating insights from psychology and behavioural sciences into BPA (more
disciplines?)
The new BPA approach already common in other disciplines:
Political psychology: pluralistic in terms of theory and methods
Behavioural economics: mostly cognitive psyche, cognitive bias, mostly quantitative
Macro-level theory: governments that disclose more information about their discission
making will gain public trust. How to explain? BPA: from a micro-level:
individuals read government information and respond to it Apply generic psychology
research to this context (motivated reasoning).
Thus: understand the micro level and then translate to macro-level (and back)
Tummers et al article: used behaviour approach for public policy instruments
Governments want to influence people to reach policy goals
o Carrot: incentivised: reward certain behaviours (rational assumption)
, o Whip: mandates and bans: make unwanted behaviour illegal (rational assumption)
o Sermon: information campaigns: tell what the desired behaviour is (rational)
o Nudging: choice architecture (surrounding environment): make desired behaviour
easy (bounded rationality assumption)
Tummers argues we should focus on the effectiveness of interventions but also on their
legitimacy POPular: If all the things are supported, then a nudge is POPular
(politically, organizationally, personally).
Nudging should be effective (intended goal reached) and efficient (less relative money
spend).
Criticism: behavioural approach appropriate? Tummers: look at the support for the
arguments: do politicians/major organizations/individual citizens support nudges?
People are not always aware of the nudge transparency doesn’t have to impede the
effectiveness.
Knowledge clip 2 - Motivated Reasoning
Article Kunda Fist came up with motivated reasoning
Motivated Reasoning: 2 ways of reasoning:
o 1. Accuracy-driven motivation (motivation to be accurate) weighing pieces of
evidence (get right/ best? conclusion). thorough and deep information
processing (more cognitive effort). However: satisficing behaviour.
o 2. Direction-driven motivated reasoning (motivation to arrive at a certain
conclusion)
Biased accessing of beliefs about, self, others and events + biased selection
of statistical heuristics + biased research evaluation (conformation bias).
In essence: scrutinize information against believe and accept supporting
information at face value
This operates within bounds of appearing rational to others.
Motivated reasoning origin: cognitive dissonance (source motivated reasoning):
unpleasant feeling of contradictory beliefs and actions (reality?=) unpleasant feelings
(want to solve). Solutions: change behaviour (hard) or believe.
, The types of motivations affect a range of behaviours related to decision making
o 1. Beliefs about others, self, events
o 2. Statistical processing: becoming selective to statical evidence
o 3. Scrutiny of scientific evidence
Beakgaard et al. politicians reading about the performance of private schools or public
school. The private school performed best Question: which is performing best?
Once politicians have more support for general service (strong public sector) the change
of a correct answer decreases significantly + a strong preference for private schools:
increase likelihood of the correct answer.
In essence: this generic psychological mechanism is relevant a public administration
setting.
Lecture 1: Policymaking (from a behavioural perspective)
Why do governments make policy? Strict or non-strict regulatory guidelines To
resolve conflict and to solve problems Organized range of societal policies.
5 main reasons for government policy
o 1. Market failure compensation (against monopolies for example)
o 2. Regulate external effects
o 3. Collective goods (defence, dykes etc)
o 4. Merit goods (museum)
o 5. Redistribution of social inequalities: redistribute income and wealth (improve
equal opportunities/outcomes
How can government steer society: reward (discount), discourage (taxes), prohibition,
communicate (campaigns), nudge (towards other/better behaviour).
Grimmelikhuijsen et al. article:
Behavioural public administration emerged from: subfield of public administration
Not new: it’s an old idea: Herbert Simon 20th century (founding founders public
administration): ‘Decision making is the hearth of administration, and that the vocabulary
of administrative theory must be derived from logic and psychology of human choice’.
Thus: Theories from psychology and other behavioural sciences to better understand
public administration.
The amount of public administration articles that use psychology has increased.
What is BPA? Definition: The interdisciplinary analysis of public administration from
the micro-level perspective of individual behaviour and attitudes by drawing on recent
advances in our understanding of the underlying psychology and behaviour of individuals
and groups.
o 1. Microlevel: individuals and groups of citizens, employers, and managers within
the public sector unit of analysis.
o 2. Behaviour and attitudes: look at individuals and how they make their decisions.
o 3. Integrating insights from psychology and behavioural sciences into BPA (more
disciplines?)
The new BPA approach already common in other disciplines:
Political psychology: pluralistic in terms of theory and methods
Behavioural economics: mostly cognitive psyche, cognitive bias, mostly quantitative
Macro-level theory: governments that disclose more information about their discission
making will gain public trust. How to explain? BPA: from a micro-level:
individuals read government information and respond to it Apply generic psychology
research to this context (motivated reasoning).
Thus: understand the micro level and then translate to macro-level (and back)
Tummers et al article: used behaviour approach for public policy instruments
Governments want to influence people to reach policy goals
o Carrot: incentivised: reward certain behaviours (rational assumption)
, o Whip: mandates and bans: make unwanted behaviour illegal (rational assumption)
o Sermon: information campaigns: tell what the desired behaviour is (rational)
o Nudging: choice architecture (surrounding environment): make desired behaviour
easy (bounded rationality assumption)
Tummers argues we should focus on the effectiveness of interventions but also on their
legitimacy POPular: If all the things are supported, then a nudge is POPular
(politically, organizationally, personally).
Nudging should be effective (intended goal reached) and efficient (less relative money
spend).
Criticism: behavioural approach appropriate? Tummers: look at the support for the
arguments: do politicians/major organizations/individual citizens support nudges?
People are not always aware of the nudge transparency doesn’t have to impede the
effectiveness.
Knowledge clip 2 - Motivated Reasoning
Article Kunda Fist came up with motivated reasoning
Motivated Reasoning: 2 ways of reasoning:
o 1. Accuracy-driven motivation (motivation to be accurate) weighing pieces of
evidence (get right/ best? conclusion). thorough and deep information
processing (more cognitive effort). However: satisficing behaviour.
o 2. Direction-driven motivated reasoning (motivation to arrive at a certain
conclusion)
Biased accessing of beliefs about, self, others and events + biased selection
of statistical heuristics + biased research evaluation (conformation bias).
In essence: scrutinize information against believe and accept supporting
information at face value
This operates within bounds of appearing rational to others.
Motivated reasoning origin: cognitive dissonance (source motivated reasoning):
unpleasant feeling of contradictory beliefs and actions (reality?=) unpleasant feelings
(want to solve). Solutions: change behaviour (hard) or believe.
, The types of motivations affect a range of behaviours related to decision making
o 1. Beliefs about others, self, events
o 2. Statistical processing: becoming selective to statical evidence
o 3. Scrutiny of scientific evidence
Beakgaard et al. politicians reading about the performance of private schools or public
school. The private school performed best Question: which is performing best?
Once politicians have more support for general service (strong public sector) the change
of a correct answer decreases significantly + a strong preference for private schools:
increase likelihood of the correct answer.
In essence: this generic psychological mechanism is relevant a public administration
setting.
Lecture 1: Policymaking (from a behavioural perspective)
Why do governments make policy? Strict or non-strict regulatory guidelines To
resolve conflict and to solve problems Organized range of societal policies.
5 main reasons for government policy
o 1. Market failure compensation (against monopolies for example)
o 2. Regulate external effects
o 3. Collective goods (defence, dykes etc)
o 4. Merit goods (museum)
o 5. Redistribution of social inequalities: redistribute income and wealth (improve
equal opportunities/outcomes
How can government steer society: reward (discount), discourage (taxes), prohibition,
communicate (campaigns), nudge (towards other/better behaviour).
