BIO112 exam fully solved & updated
2024/2025
radiometric dating - ANSWER-general approach used to determine the age of
specimens using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes
radiocarbon dating - ANSWER-a chemical analysis used to determine the age of
organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14
potassium-40 dating - ANSWER-radiometric dating method often used in the
assessment of volcanic intrusions in sedimentary layers. It is based on
measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium
(K) into argon (Ar).
half-life - ANSWER-length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a
sample to decay
punctuated equilibrium - ANSWER-Pattern of evolution in which long stable
periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Cambrian explosion - ANSWER-A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the
major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic
history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
macroevolution - ANSWER-Evolutionary change that produces new species
microevolution - ANSWER-Evolutionary change/adaptation below the species
level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Linnaeus - ANSWER-Father of taxonomy
, Lamarck - ANSWER-Proposed theory that organisms pass on traits they acquire
in their lifetime.
Cuvier - ANSWER-catastrophism: believed that the extinction of species was
caused by catastrophic events such as floods
Lyell and Hutton - ANSWER-scientists who said the world was old and slowly, but
constantly changing
Malthus - ANSWER-an English economist and demographer; suggested
populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase,
and the resources for the support of increase are limited
descent with modification - ANSWER-process by which descendants of ancestral
organisms adapt to different/changing habitats and accumulate structural and
functional adaptations
selective breeding - ANSWER-The process of humans intentionally selecting a
few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation, over
time producing organisms with altered characteristics
species - ANSWER-a group of related organisms sharing a distinctive form. If
sexually reproducing, individuals can interbreed to produce viable, fertile
offspring.
vestigial structures - ANSWER-remnant of a structure that may have had an
important function in a species' ancestors, but is suggested to have no clear
function in the modern species.
homology - ANSWER-Similarity in structural, embryological or DNA or RNA
sequence characteristics attributed to shared ancestry.
anatomical homology - ANSWER-similar body structures among different species
attributed to a common ancestor with that feature
developmental homology - ANSWER-similarities in the development of embryos
between different species that share a common ancestor
genetic homology - ANSWER-Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid
sequences that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
2024/2025
radiometric dating - ANSWER-general approach used to determine the age of
specimens using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes
radiocarbon dating - ANSWER-a chemical analysis used to determine the age of
organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14
potassium-40 dating - ANSWER-radiometric dating method often used in the
assessment of volcanic intrusions in sedimentary layers. It is based on
measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium
(K) into argon (Ar).
half-life - ANSWER-length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a
sample to decay
punctuated equilibrium - ANSWER-Pattern of evolution in which long stable
periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Cambrian explosion - ANSWER-A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the
major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic
history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
macroevolution - ANSWER-Evolutionary change that produces new species
microevolution - ANSWER-Evolutionary change/adaptation below the species
level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Linnaeus - ANSWER-Father of taxonomy
, Lamarck - ANSWER-Proposed theory that organisms pass on traits they acquire
in their lifetime.
Cuvier - ANSWER-catastrophism: believed that the extinction of species was
caused by catastrophic events such as floods
Lyell and Hutton - ANSWER-scientists who said the world was old and slowly, but
constantly changing
Malthus - ANSWER-an English economist and demographer; suggested
populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase,
and the resources for the support of increase are limited
descent with modification - ANSWER-process by which descendants of ancestral
organisms adapt to different/changing habitats and accumulate structural and
functional adaptations
selective breeding - ANSWER-The process of humans intentionally selecting a
few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation, over
time producing organisms with altered characteristics
species - ANSWER-a group of related organisms sharing a distinctive form. If
sexually reproducing, individuals can interbreed to produce viable, fertile
offspring.
vestigial structures - ANSWER-remnant of a structure that may have had an
important function in a species' ancestors, but is suggested to have no clear
function in the modern species.
homology - ANSWER-Similarity in structural, embryological or DNA or RNA
sequence characteristics attributed to shared ancestry.
anatomical homology - ANSWER-similar body structures among different species
attributed to a common ancestor with that feature
developmental homology - ANSWER-similarities in the development of embryos
between different species that share a common ancestor
genetic homology - ANSWER-Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid
sequences that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
