PSYC 521: Exam 1 (Ch. 1, Ch. 2) || with Errorless Solutions
100%.
The term behavior refers to any activity of an organism that can be _________ or somehow
______________. correct answers observed, measured
What is learning? correct answers
Learning refers to a relatively ___________ change in behavior as a result of some type of
__________. correct answers permanent, experience
What is classical conditioning? correct answers
In ____________ conditioning, behaviors that the average person typically regards as
______________ come to be elicited in new situations. correct answers classical, involuntary
What is operant conditioning? correct answers
In __________ conditioning, a behavior produces some type of consequence that strengthens or
weakens its occurrence. Such behaviors are regarded as "___________-directed" and the average
person would perceive it as being "_________" in nature. correct answers operant, goal,
voluntary
The behavior of feeling anxious while at a dentist appointment was most likely learned through
what type of conditioning? correct answers Operant
Speaking with aloud voice in a noisy environment so that others may hear you is an example of a
behavior learned through _______________ conditioning. correct answers Operant
What is a nativist? correct answers Someone who believes that a person's behavioral tendencies
are largely inborn ["residing in our soul"].
Ex. Plato
The nativist (nature) position, as exemplified by Greek philosopher __________, emphasizes the
role of ____________. correct answers Plato, heredity
What is an empiricist? correct answers Someone who believes that a person's behavioral abilities
and tendencies are mostly learned.
Ex. Aristotle
The empiricist (nurture) position, as exemplified by Greek philosopher ____________,
emphasizes the role of ___________. correct answers Aristotle, learning
What is the law of similarity? correct answers States that events that are similar to each other are
readily associated withe each other. [ex. cars and trucks]
, What is the law of contrast? correct answers States that events that are the opposite of one
another will be readily associated with each other. [ex. black and white, raining and clear skies]
The law of __________ states that we associate events that are the opposite to each other
whereas the law of ____________ states that we associate objects that occur in close proximity
to each other. correct answers Contrast, contiguity
What is the law of contiguity? correct answers States that events that occur in close proximity to
each other are readily associated. [ex. thunder and lightning]
What is the law of frequency? correct answers The more frequently two items occur together, the
more strongly they are associated. [BF and his cologne]
According to the law of _____________, we easily associate events that resemble each other,
where as with the law of _____________, the more often two events are paired together the more
readily they are associated with each other. correct answers Similarity, frequency
Animals that have fur, four legs and a tail, and can bark are quickly perceived as belonging to the
same species, what law is this an example of? correct answers The law of similarity
The fact that words full and empty are easily associated with each other is an example of the law
of ____________. correct answers Contrast
The more often one practices a particular move in wrestling, the more likely one is to perform
that move in a real match. What law is this an example of? correct answers The law of frequency
After once encountering a snake in her garage, Lisa is now quite nervous each time she enters the
garage. What law is this an example of? correct answers The law of contiguity
What is mind-body dualism? correct answers Descartes notion that some human behaviors are
reflexes and are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely
chosen and controlled by the mind. This makes it likely that reflexive behaviors can be
scientifically investigated.
Descartes dualistic model proposed that human behavior has two aspects: a(n) ___________ or
____________ aspect that functions like a machine, and a __________ aspect that _________
chosen. correct answers Involuntary, reflexive, voluntary, freely
According to Descartes dualistic model, the behavior of animals was believed to be entirely
____________. correct answers Reflexive/involuntary
What were the British empiricists? correct answers They believed that all knowledge is a
function of past experiences.
100%.
The term behavior refers to any activity of an organism that can be _________ or somehow
______________. correct answers observed, measured
What is learning? correct answers
Learning refers to a relatively ___________ change in behavior as a result of some type of
__________. correct answers permanent, experience
What is classical conditioning? correct answers
In ____________ conditioning, behaviors that the average person typically regards as
______________ come to be elicited in new situations. correct answers classical, involuntary
What is operant conditioning? correct answers
In __________ conditioning, a behavior produces some type of consequence that strengthens or
weakens its occurrence. Such behaviors are regarded as "___________-directed" and the average
person would perceive it as being "_________" in nature. correct answers operant, goal,
voluntary
The behavior of feeling anxious while at a dentist appointment was most likely learned through
what type of conditioning? correct answers Operant
Speaking with aloud voice in a noisy environment so that others may hear you is an example of a
behavior learned through _______________ conditioning. correct answers Operant
What is a nativist? correct answers Someone who believes that a person's behavioral tendencies
are largely inborn ["residing in our soul"].
Ex. Plato
The nativist (nature) position, as exemplified by Greek philosopher __________, emphasizes the
role of ____________. correct answers Plato, heredity
What is an empiricist? correct answers Someone who believes that a person's behavioral abilities
and tendencies are mostly learned.
Ex. Aristotle
The empiricist (nurture) position, as exemplified by Greek philosopher ____________,
emphasizes the role of ___________. correct answers Aristotle, learning
What is the law of similarity? correct answers States that events that are similar to each other are
readily associated withe each other. [ex. cars and trucks]
, What is the law of contrast? correct answers States that events that are the opposite of one
another will be readily associated with each other. [ex. black and white, raining and clear skies]
The law of __________ states that we associate events that are the opposite to each other
whereas the law of ____________ states that we associate objects that occur in close proximity
to each other. correct answers Contrast, contiguity
What is the law of contiguity? correct answers States that events that occur in close proximity to
each other are readily associated. [ex. thunder and lightning]
What is the law of frequency? correct answers The more frequently two items occur together, the
more strongly they are associated. [BF and his cologne]
According to the law of _____________, we easily associate events that resemble each other,
where as with the law of _____________, the more often two events are paired together the more
readily they are associated with each other. correct answers Similarity, frequency
Animals that have fur, four legs and a tail, and can bark are quickly perceived as belonging to the
same species, what law is this an example of? correct answers The law of similarity
The fact that words full and empty are easily associated with each other is an example of the law
of ____________. correct answers Contrast
The more often one practices a particular move in wrestling, the more likely one is to perform
that move in a real match. What law is this an example of? correct answers The law of frequency
After once encountering a snake in her garage, Lisa is now quite nervous each time she enters the
garage. What law is this an example of? correct answers The law of contiguity
What is mind-body dualism? correct answers Descartes notion that some human behaviors are
reflexes and are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely
chosen and controlled by the mind. This makes it likely that reflexive behaviors can be
scientifically investigated.
Descartes dualistic model proposed that human behavior has two aspects: a(n) ___________ or
____________ aspect that functions like a machine, and a __________ aspect that _________
chosen. correct answers Involuntary, reflexive, voluntary, freely
According to Descartes dualistic model, the behavior of animals was believed to be entirely
____________. correct answers Reflexive/involuntary
What were the British empiricists? correct answers They believed that all knowledge is a
function of past experiences.
