Chapter 9 Skill Acquisition, Retention,
and Transfer Questions & Answers
Skill Acquisition - ANSWERMost important factor leading to acquisition of skill is through
practice.
More Practice = More Learning
More practice time isn't the only important concept. Different methods of practice also
produce different rates of learning depending on task requirements.
Repetition - ANSWERIdea of repeating a movement, and again, and again, to learn a
movement.
Not the most effective learning method.
Learning isn't doing the same movement just to produce a movement. Learning is
producing the movement, and each time developing the technique to make the
movement better for task completion. Not trying to find a solution, but the process of
solving, in other words keep striving to make it better than trying to find satisfactory
results.
Specificity of Learning - ANSWERThat what you learn depends largely on what you
practice.
Making practice mimic what the performance requirements are make for the best
results.
Practice in a specific environment = Better performance in that environment
Matching the same sensory requirements during the performance and practice.
Learning Versus Performance During Practice - ANSWERThat during practice the goal
is to make changes to a movement to create a better, more effective one. This conflicts
with performance where you must do the task with what you know as the most effective
movement.
Thus if you are constantly doing what you know as most effective, you won't experiment
and potentially find an even more effective approach.
Learning Versus Performance During Practice (Continued) - ANSWERThe way to
combat this conflict is to create two different practice scenarios. *Practice Sessions* &
*Test Sessions*
, Practice Sessions - ANSWER- Learners instructed to avoid repeating the same
movements
- Encouraged to try different styles of movement control to discover more effective
pattern of action
- Instructors can also give learners input to correct movements.
- Performance is not critical
- Goal is to discover some new way to execute the skill that kill be more effective in the
long term
Test Sessions - ANSWER- Learners are meant to perform as best as possible
- Using the practice sessions to determine what they consider the best movement
control patterns
- Gives the learner a benchmark for progression and information needed to further
improve the movement.
Benefits of Practice - ANSWER- Major goal of practice is effective performance, which
can be thought of as developing the capability to perform
-
Benefits of Practice: Perceptual Skills - ANSWERThe capability to remember briefly
presented information is specific to the skills of the observer
- Recognize patterns gained from years of practice
=experts tend to seek out more specific and narrowly focused info and pick up info
much earlier in the action vs non-experts.
Attention: Limited Capacity - ANSWERAttention requirements go down as different
demands from the task are well learned, IE. as parts of the task become more
automated, less attention is needed for them giving that allocated space for other
information.
-You can focus on and do more, as more of the movement becomes automated through
practice. . IE. from skating, to skating with a stick and controlling the puck.
Attention: Effector Capacity - ANSWERDoing two different movements at the same time
results in decreased performance.
By practicing you form a single motor program that does both movements instead of
each movement requiring its own program, resulting in conflict.
Gearshift Analogy - ANSWERseries of discrete skills to perform a task, each discrete
skill needing its own motor program. Through practice these individual motor programs
are combined to perform more complex programs, until all of them are combined into a
singular program to perform the task.
Makes the movement more effective, less attention demanding.
and Transfer Questions & Answers
Skill Acquisition - ANSWERMost important factor leading to acquisition of skill is through
practice.
More Practice = More Learning
More practice time isn't the only important concept. Different methods of practice also
produce different rates of learning depending on task requirements.
Repetition - ANSWERIdea of repeating a movement, and again, and again, to learn a
movement.
Not the most effective learning method.
Learning isn't doing the same movement just to produce a movement. Learning is
producing the movement, and each time developing the technique to make the
movement better for task completion. Not trying to find a solution, but the process of
solving, in other words keep striving to make it better than trying to find satisfactory
results.
Specificity of Learning - ANSWERThat what you learn depends largely on what you
practice.
Making practice mimic what the performance requirements are make for the best
results.
Practice in a specific environment = Better performance in that environment
Matching the same sensory requirements during the performance and practice.
Learning Versus Performance During Practice - ANSWERThat during practice the goal
is to make changes to a movement to create a better, more effective one. This conflicts
with performance where you must do the task with what you know as the most effective
movement.
Thus if you are constantly doing what you know as most effective, you won't experiment
and potentially find an even more effective approach.
Learning Versus Performance During Practice (Continued) - ANSWERThe way to
combat this conflict is to create two different practice scenarios. *Practice Sessions* &
*Test Sessions*
, Practice Sessions - ANSWER- Learners instructed to avoid repeating the same
movements
- Encouraged to try different styles of movement control to discover more effective
pattern of action
- Instructors can also give learners input to correct movements.
- Performance is not critical
- Goal is to discover some new way to execute the skill that kill be more effective in the
long term
Test Sessions - ANSWER- Learners are meant to perform as best as possible
- Using the practice sessions to determine what they consider the best movement
control patterns
- Gives the learner a benchmark for progression and information needed to further
improve the movement.
Benefits of Practice - ANSWER- Major goal of practice is effective performance, which
can be thought of as developing the capability to perform
-
Benefits of Practice: Perceptual Skills - ANSWERThe capability to remember briefly
presented information is specific to the skills of the observer
- Recognize patterns gained from years of practice
=experts tend to seek out more specific and narrowly focused info and pick up info
much earlier in the action vs non-experts.
Attention: Limited Capacity - ANSWERAttention requirements go down as different
demands from the task are well learned, IE. as parts of the task become more
automated, less attention is needed for them giving that allocated space for other
information.
-You can focus on and do more, as more of the movement becomes automated through
practice. . IE. from skating, to skating with a stick and controlling the puck.
Attention: Effector Capacity - ANSWERDoing two different movements at the same time
results in decreased performance.
By practicing you form a single motor program that does both movements instead of
each movement requiring its own program, resulting in conflict.
Gearshift Analogy - ANSWERseries of discrete skills to perform a task, each discrete
skill needing its own motor program. Through practice these individual motor programs
are combined to perform more complex programs, until all of them are combined into a
singular program to perform the task.
Makes the movement more effective, less attention demanding.
