PSY 223 Midterm 1 || with 100% Errorless Answers.
What is Abnormal Psychology ? correct answers Abnormal psychology is the branch of the
science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior
patterns:
-We are interested in studying abnormal psychology because:
->Abnormal behaviour affects virtually everyone in one way or another
->Abnormal behaviour patterns that involve a disturbance of psychological functioning or
behaviour are classified as psychological disorders
-> Thirty-three percent of Canadians will suffer from a psychological disorder in their lifetime
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
We Need to Ask: correct answers We Need to Ask
1.Is the behavior unusual?
2. Does the behavior violate social norms?
3.Does the behavior involve a faulty interpretation of reality?
4. Does the behavior cause personal distress?
5.Is the behavior maladaptive?
6.Is the behavior dangerous (to the person or to others)?
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
Culture: correct answers -Behaviour considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal
in another - for example, anxiety & depression
-People in different cultures experience states of emotional distress, including depression and
anxiety, rather than imposing our perspectives on them
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
Context: correct answers -Is this abnormal?
-Does it deviate from social norms?
-Depends on where and when the behavior and attire occur
-Most behaviours are on a continuum from normal to abnormal and a precise line delineating the
threshold between the two is not clear
Historical Perspectives:
The Demonological Model correct answers Mental health created by beings outside the body.
Demon possession.
,Trephining: harsh practice of cutting a hole in a person's skull as means to cast demon out
through the hole. Done by basic tools by drilling or scrapping a round hole or chopping a square
one.
Dating back to pre-historic times, but also used (rarely) as recently as last century.
Historical Perspectives:
The Medical Model correct answers Hippocrates & 'ill humours'
4 bodily fluids—blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm—determined a person's
temperament. Imbalance led to certain sicknesses dependent upon which humors were in excess
or deficit. The humors were connected to celestial bodies, seasons, body parts, and stages of life
-Melancholic = Depression
-Phlegmatic = akin to Psychotic
-Sanguine = Hysterical
-Choleric = Obsessive
Early theory that classified mental health and attributed it to underlying biological processes
Historical Perspectives:
Medieval Times correct answers Exorcism. The religious practise of evicting demons or spirits
from a person without necessarily drilling a hole in the head. (rarely but still used today). Core
belief was demonology, that mental imbalance was to due spirit or demon control.
Historical Perspectives
Witchcraft correct answers Malleus Maleficarum. A treatise on witchcraft written by the
Catholic Church. 'Black Magic' spells cast on others created a variety of physical and mental
health issues. Similarly, 'White Magic' spells were cast to heal or protect. Spells were cast though
chants, herbs, rituals, made up potions, etc. Usually done clandestine, out of sight from others.
Historical Perspectives:
Asylums correct answers - E.g., Bedlam (London UK)
-and Hotel Dieu (Quebec 1639)
Historical Perspectives correct answers -Institutions became very popular. A place to put people
who were 'mentally ill' or just not desired.
-Institutionalization continued to this century. Many sanatoriums were constructed to house and
contain people who were mentally ill on North America. Although conditions in the later
institutions were far better.
Historical Perspectives:
The Reform Movement: Moral Therapy: correct answers -Philippe Pinel (France), William Tuke
(England) & Dorothea Dix (Canada & U S A)
-Moral Therapy: provide humane treatment in an encouraging environment. Focus was to move
away from the conceptualization of mentally ill people as 'brutes' or 'undesirable' and focus on
their humanity.
,-Sanatoriums and mental health hospitals often constructed with courtyards/gardens and
advocated for a number of daily activities for patients.
Inglorious history of mental illness correct answers To manage this increasing load, mental care
shifted to controversial procedures.
-Lobotomy
-Immersing in ice water.
-Electrocution (early electroconvulsive).
-Eugenics. Sterilization of those deemed not desirable to reproduce.
A eugenics movement swept across North America. It was made law in many states and two
Canadian provinces.
Alberta (1928, repealed in 1972) British Columbia (1933, repealed in 1973). A eugenics board
was established for these provinces. A mental health hospital could apply to the eugenics board
for permission to sterilize a patient
Historical Perspectives:
Describe Institutions and Institutionalization correct answers -Institutions were expensive.
Despite early (and unsuccessful) strategies to treat mental health, institutional population grew.
Overcrowding, lack of staff and huge expenditures resulted.
-Antipsychotic Drugs were especially researched in the 1960s and became widely available to
psychiatry in the 1970s.
-In tandem with this, institutionalization was now seen as incarceration of the mentally ill and
fell out of favour.
-Deinstitutionalization widely took off in the 1970s in favor of out-patient clinics in hospitals,
where psycho-tropics medications were prescribed.
Historical Perspectives
The Community Mental Health Movement correct answers -Canadian Mental Health Association
1963
-In 1963 the full report — titled "More for the Mind"— stated that "mental illness should be
dealt with in the same organizational, administrative and professional framework as physical
illness."
-Deinstitutionalization: discharge large numbers of hospitalized mental patients to the
community
-Subsequently, Psychiatric homeless became an emerging issue.
Mental Health Commission of Canada(MHCC) was established in 2007
, Four main objectives of the commission: correct answers 1. To develop a national mental health
strategy
2. To initiate an awareness campaign and reduce stigma associated with mental health issues.
3. To create a center of knowledge to exchange ideas and best practices.
4.To support research endeavors into mental health.
Historical Perspectives:
Canadian Mental Health Promotion correct answers Mental health promotion is a proactive,
holistic, multilevel, synergistic process that fosters resilience as one progresses toward an
optimal sense of well-being
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Biological Perspective: correct answers -Mental disorders: diseases of the brain with
underlying biological defects or abnormalities (not evil spirits)
-Emil Kraepelin:
->Dementia Praecox:(now called schizophrenia) biochemical imbalance
-> General Paresis: degenerative brain disorder that occurs during the final stage of syphilis
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Psychological Perspective correct answers -Organic factors alone could not explain
abnormal behavior
-Psychodynamic model & catharsis: Freud
-Resiliency and coping
-Mental health and awareness of personal condition
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Sociocultural Perspective correct answers -Psychological problems rooted in the social ills
of society, such as poverty, lack of economic opportunity, rapidly changing social values and
morals, and racial and gender discrimination
Contemporary Perspectives:
Homeless in Canada correct answers -Lack of available housing, transitional care facilities, and
effective case management for homeless Canadians who have psychological disorders and
addictions
-Estimated 200,000 Canadians are homeless annually
-Estimated 67% of homeless people have had a mental health problem in their lifetime
What is Abnormal Psychology ? correct answers Abnormal psychology is the branch of the
science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior
patterns:
-We are interested in studying abnormal psychology because:
->Abnormal behaviour affects virtually everyone in one way or another
->Abnormal behaviour patterns that involve a disturbance of psychological functioning or
behaviour are classified as psychological disorders
-> Thirty-three percent of Canadians will suffer from a psychological disorder in their lifetime
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
We Need to Ask: correct answers We Need to Ask
1.Is the behavior unusual?
2. Does the behavior violate social norms?
3.Does the behavior involve a faulty interpretation of reality?
4. Does the behavior cause personal distress?
5.Is the behavior maladaptive?
6.Is the behavior dangerous (to the person or to others)?
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
Culture: correct answers -Behaviour considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal
in another - for example, anxiety & depression
-People in different cultures experience states of emotional distress, including depression and
anxiety, rather than imposing our perspectives on them
Defining Abnormal Behaviour:
Context: correct answers -Is this abnormal?
-Does it deviate from social norms?
-Depends on where and when the behavior and attire occur
-Most behaviours are on a continuum from normal to abnormal and a precise line delineating the
threshold between the two is not clear
Historical Perspectives:
The Demonological Model correct answers Mental health created by beings outside the body.
Demon possession.
,Trephining: harsh practice of cutting a hole in a person's skull as means to cast demon out
through the hole. Done by basic tools by drilling or scrapping a round hole or chopping a square
one.
Dating back to pre-historic times, but also used (rarely) as recently as last century.
Historical Perspectives:
The Medical Model correct answers Hippocrates & 'ill humours'
4 bodily fluids—blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm—determined a person's
temperament. Imbalance led to certain sicknesses dependent upon which humors were in excess
or deficit. The humors were connected to celestial bodies, seasons, body parts, and stages of life
-Melancholic = Depression
-Phlegmatic = akin to Psychotic
-Sanguine = Hysterical
-Choleric = Obsessive
Early theory that classified mental health and attributed it to underlying biological processes
Historical Perspectives:
Medieval Times correct answers Exorcism. The religious practise of evicting demons or spirits
from a person without necessarily drilling a hole in the head. (rarely but still used today). Core
belief was demonology, that mental imbalance was to due spirit or demon control.
Historical Perspectives
Witchcraft correct answers Malleus Maleficarum. A treatise on witchcraft written by the
Catholic Church. 'Black Magic' spells cast on others created a variety of physical and mental
health issues. Similarly, 'White Magic' spells were cast to heal or protect. Spells were cast though
chants, herbs, rituals, made up potions, etc. Usually done clandestine, out of sight from others.
Historical Perspectives:
Asylums correct answers - E.g., Bedlam (London UK)
-and Hotel Dieu (Quebec 1639)
Historical Perspectives correct answers -Institutions became very popular. A place to put people
who were 'mentally ill' or just not desired.
-Institutionalization continued to this century. Many sanatoriums were constructed to house and
contain people who were mentally ill on North America. Although conditions in the later
institutions were far better.
Historical Perspectives:
The Reform Movement: Moral Therapy: correct answers -Philippe Pinel (France), William Tuke
(England) & Dorothea Dix (Canada & U S A)
-Moral Therapy: provide humane treatment in an encouraging environment. Focus was to move
away from the conceptualization of mentally ill people as 'brutes' or 'undesirable' and focus on
their humanity.
,-Sanatoriums and mental health hospitals often constructed with courtyards/gardens and
advocated for a number of daily activities for patients.
Inglorious history of mental illness correct answers To manage this increasing load, mental care
shifted to controversial procedures.
-Lobotomy
-Immersing in ice water.
-Electrocution (early electroconvulsive).
-Eugenics. Sterilization of those deemed not desirable to reproduce.
A eugenics movement swept across North America. It was made law in many states and two
Canadian provinces.
Alberta (1928, repealed in 1972) British Columbia (1933, repealed in 1973). A eugenics board
was established for these provinces. A mental health hospital could apply to the eugenics board
for permission to sterilize a patient
Historical Perspectives:
Describe Institutions and Institutionalization correct answers -Institutions were expensive.
Despite early (and unsuccessful) strategies to treat mental health, institutional population grew.
Overcrowding, lack of staff and huge expenditures resulted.
-Antipsychotic Drugs were especially researched in the 1960s and became widely available to
psychiatry in the 1970s.
-In tandem with this, institutionalization was now seen as incarceration of the mentally ill and
fell out of favour.
-Deinstitutionalization widely took off in the 1970s in favor of out-patient clinics in hospitals,
where psycho-tropics medications were prescribed.
Historical Perspectives
The Community Mental Health Movement correct answers -Canadian Mental Health Association
1963
-In 1963 the full report — titled "More for the Mind"— stated that "mental illness should be
dealt with in the same organizational, administrative and professional framework as physical
illness."
-Deinstitutionalization: discharge large numbers of hospitalized mental patients to the
community
-Subsequently, Psychiatric homeless became an emerging issue.
Mental Health Commission of Canada(MHCC) was established in 2007
, Four main objectives of the commission: correct answers 1. To develop a national mental health
strategy
2. To initiate an awareness campaign and reduce stigma associated with mental health issues.
3. To create a center of knowledge to exchange ideas and best practices.
4.To support research endeavors into mental health.
Historical Perspectives:
Canadian Mental Health Promotion correct answers Mental health promotion is a proactive,
holistic, multilevel, synergistic process that fosters resilience as one progresses toward an
optimal sense of well-being
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Biological Perspective: correct answers -Mental disorders: diseases of the brain with
underlying biological defects or abnormalities (not evil spirits)
-Emil Kraepelin:
->Dementia Praecox:(now called schizophrenia) biochemical imbalance
-> General Paresis: degenerative brain disorder that occurs during the final stage of syphilis
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Psychological Perspective correct answers -Organic factors alone could not explain
abnormal behavior
-Psychodynamic model & catharsis: Freud
-Resiliency and coping
-Mental health and awareness of personal condition
Contemporary Perspectives:
The Sociocultural Perspective correct answers -Psychological problems rooted in the social ills
of society, such as poverty, lack of economic opportunity, rapidly changing social values and
morals, and racial and gender discrimination
Contemporary Perspectives:
Homeless in Canada correct answers -Lack of available housing, transitional care facilities, and
effective case management for homeless Canadians who have psychological disorders and
addictions
-Estimated 200,000 Canadians are homeless annually
-Estimated 67% of homeless people have had a mental health problem in their lifetime
