DEP2004 Midterm review 9/2022
Chapter 1
● What is human development?
○ multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time
● Nature/nurture
○ involves the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (NATURE) and
experiential or environmental influences (NURTURE) determine the kind of person you
are
● Universal vs context specific development
○ concerns whether there is one path of development or several
● Biopsychosocial framework
○ emphasizes that each of the forces of the biopsychosocial framework interacts with the
others to make up development
○ Forces are:
■ biological forces;
■ psychological forces;
■ sociocultural forces;
■ life-cycle forces
● Psychodynamic theory/ Erik Erikson
○ proposed that personality development is determined by an internal maturational plan
interacting with external societal demands
○ basically that life cycles include eight stage:
■ Basic Trust vs Mistrust
■ Autonomy vs Shame
■ Initiative vs Guilt
■ Industry vs Inferiority
■ Identity vs Identity Confusion
■ Intimacy vs Isolation
■ Generativity vs Stagnation
■ Integrity vs Despair
● Behaviorism/Operant conditioning
○ which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated
● Punishment/rewards
○ consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows
● Social learning theory/observational learning
○ people who learn by watching those around them
● Self-efficacy
○ people’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents
● Piaget’s theory/order of stages
○ Sensorimotor stage
○ Preoperational thought
○ Concrete operational thought
○ Formal operational thought
, ○ Pre Reflective reasoning
○ Quasi-reflective reasoning
○ Reflective reasoning
● Vygotsky theory
○ emphasized that children’s thinking is influenced by the sociocultural context in which
they live
● Validity/reliability
○ Reliability:
■ refers to the extent to which measure provides a consistent index of characteristic
○ Validity:
■ measure refers to whether it actually measures what researchers think it measures
Chapter 2
● Define chromosomes.
○ threadlike structures in the nucleus that contains genetic material
● What is a gene?
○ group of compounds that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions
● Nonshared environmental influences.
○ forces within a family that make children different from one another
● Ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
○ Ectoderm:
■ outer layer
■ forms outer layer of skin, hair, and nervous system
○ Mesoderm:
■ middle layer
■ forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system
○ Endoderm:
■ inner layer
■ forms digestive system and lungs
● What is the period of the embryo?
○ when zygote is attached to uterine wall; where body structures and internal organs
develop
● What are the factors that can lead to teenage mothers giving birth to less healthy babies compared
to women in their 20’s?
○ living in poverty and not having good prenatal care
● Define and understand teratogens.
○ an agent that causes abnormal prenatal developments
○ can be found in drugs, diseases, or environmental hazards
○ greater the exposure, greater the risk
● Highest infant mortality rate.
○ rate refers to the number of infants who die before their first birthday
Chapter 3
● Define reflex.
Chapter 1
● What is human development?
○ multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time
● Nature/nurture
○ involves the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (NATURE) and
experiential or environmental influences (NURTURE) determine the kind of person you
are
● Universal vs context specific development
○ concerns whether there is one path of development or several
● Biopsychosocial framework
○ emphasizes that each of the forces of the biopsychosocial framework interacts with the
others to make up development
○ Forces are:
■ biological forces;
■ psychological forces;
■ sociocultural forces;
■ life-cycle forces
● Psychodynamic theory/ Erik Erikson
○ proposed that personality development is determined by an internal maturational plan
interacting with external societal demands
○ basically that life cycles include eight stage:
■ Basic Trust vs Mistrust
■ Autonomy vs Shame
■ Initiative vs Guilt
■ Industry vs Inferiority
■ Identity vs Identity Confusion
■ Intimacy vs Isolation
■ Generativity vs Stagnation
■ Integrity vs Despair
● Behaviorism/Operant conditioning
○ which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated
● Punishment/rewards
○ consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows
● Social learning theory/observational learning
○ people who learn by watching those around them
● Self-efficacy
○ people’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents
● Piaget’s theory/order of stages
○ Sensorimotor stage
○ Preoperational thought
○ Concrete operational thought
○ Formal operational thought
, ○ Pre Reflective reasoning
○ Quasi-reflective reasoning
○ Reflective reasoning
● Vygotsky theory
○ emphasized that children’s thinking is influenced by the sociocultural context in which
they live
● Validity/reliability
○ Reliability:
■ refers to the extent to which measure provides a consistent index of characteristic
○ Validity:
■ measure refers to whether it actually measures what researchers think it measures
Chapter 2
● Define chromosomes.
○ threadlike structures in the nucleus that contains genetic material
● What is a gene?
○ group of compounds that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions
● Nonshared environmental influences.
○ forces within a family that make children different from one another
● Ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
○ Ectoderm:
■ outer layer
■ forms outer layer of skin, hair, and nervous system
○ Mesoderm:
■ middle layer
■ forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system
○ Endoderm:
■ inner layer
■ forms digestive system and lungs
● What is the period of the embryo?
○ when zygote is attached to uterine wall; where body structures and internal organs
develop
● What are the factors that can lead to teenage mothers giving birth to less healthy babies compared
to women in their 20’s?
○ living in poverty and not having good prenatal care
● Define and understand teratogens.
○ an agent that causes abnormal prenatal developments
○ can be found in drugs, diseases, or environmental hazards
○ greater the exposure, greater the risk
● Highest infant mortality rate.
○ rate refers to the number of infants who die before their first birthday
Chapter 3
● Define reflex.
