Inhoud
Hoorcollege 1: History of Neuropsychology (02-09) ................................................................ 7
Leerdoelen .................................................................................................................... 7
Studiemateriaal ............................................................................................................ 7
History ............................................................................................................................ 7
Antiquity (400 BCE – 300 BCE)........................................................................................ 8
Renaissance (1500 – 1900) ............................................................................................ 8
19th century (1800 – WWI) .............................................................................................. 9
20th century (1900 – 1990) .............................................................................................. 9
Dark history .................................................................................................................10
Hoorcollege 2: DSM en diermodellen (03-09) ........................................................................11
Leerdoelen: ....................................................................................................................11
Definities ....................................................................................................................11
Classificatie psychiatrische stoornissen ...........................................................................11
DSM............................................................................................................................11
Alternatieven ...............................................................................................................14
Onderzoek naar hersenziektes op verschillende niveaus .................................................15
Diermodellen ..................................................................................................................17
Gebruik van diermodellen in onderzoek .........................................................................17
Diermodel: goed model voor mens? (Artikel) ..................................................................17
Beperkingen diermodellen ............................................................................................19
Soorten diermodellen ..................................................................................................19
Hoorcollege 3: Dementie (05-09) .........................................................................................22
De ziekte van Alzheimer en dementie ................................................................................22
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................22
Verschijnselen / symptomen; ........................................................................................22
Progressie ...................................................................................................................23
Prevalentie en soorten .................................................................................................23
Veranderingen in de hersenen .......................................................................................23
Overige veranderingen..................................................................................................25
Genetische (risico)factoren bij AD .................................................................................29
Overige risicofactoren ..................................................................................................31
Genetica .....................................................................................................................31
Therapie ......................................................................................................................32
Part I: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) ..............................................................................35
, Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................35
Materiaal .....................................................................................................................35
FTD and variants ..........................................................................................................35
Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................36
Brain differences .........................................................................................................37
Progression .................................................................................................................38
Genetics .....................................................................................................................38
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................38
Misdiagnosis and treatment .........................................................................................39
Summary ....................................................................................................................39
Part II: Dementia with Lewy Bodies ...................................................................................40
Learning outcomes ......................................................................................................40
Learning materials .......................................................................................................40
Dementia with Lewy Bodies ..........................................................................................40
Prevalence ..................................................................................................................40
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................40
Genetics .....................................................................................................................40
Clinical Characteristics ................................................................................................41
Treatment ...................................................................................................................41
Summary ....................................................................................................................42
Guess the disorder exercise (slide 44):...........................................................................42
Hoorcollege 4: Eetstoornissen (06-09) ..................................................................................43
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) .....................................................................................................43
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................43
Introductie ..................................................................................................................43
Behandeling van AN .....................................................................................................44
Psychofarmacologie ....................................................................................................45
Neuropathofysiologie ...................................................................................................46
Obesitas.........................................................................................................................48
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................48
Epidemie.....................................................................................................................48
Neurobiologie ..............................................................................................................49
Behandeling ................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 5: Traumatisch hersenletsel (09-09) ...................................................................57
Learning objectives ......................................................................................................57
Reading material .........................................................................................................57
, Overview ........................................................................................................................57
Definition and classification .........................................................................................57
Epidemiology ..............................................................................................................57
Risk factors and causes................................................................................................57
Long-term implications ................................................................................................58
Classification ..............................................................................................................58
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................59
Penetrating head injuries (PHI) .........................................................................................60
Causes .......................................................................................................................60
Mortality & Severity ......................................................................................................60
Types of injuries ...........................................................................................................60
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................60
Outcome.....................................................................................................................60
Progression .................................................................................................................61
Closed head injuries (CHI) ...............................................................................................61
Definition ....................................................................................................................61
Mild TBI .......................................................................................................................63
Moderate TBI ...............................................................................................................64
Severe TBI ...................................................................................................................65
Moderator variables ........................................................................................................66
Age .............................................................................................................................66
Repeated TBIs .............................................................................................................66
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) ......................................................................66
Polytrauma ..................................................................................................................66
Alcohol and substance use...........................................................................................67
Summary ........................................................................................................................67
Hoorcollege 6: Genetische ontwikkelingsstoornissen (10-11) .................................................68
Learning outcomes..........................................................................................................68
Learning materials...........................................................................................................68
Overview of genetic mechanisms .....................................................................................68
Types of mutations .......................................................................................................68
Neuroconstructivism ...................................................................................................69
Genotype to Phenotype ................................................................................................69
Disorders of known genetic disorders ............................................................................69
Down Syndrome..............................................................................................................70
Genetics .....................................................................................................................70
, Physical characteristics ...............................................................................................70
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................70
Risk factors .................................................................................................................71
Cognitive phenotype ....................................................................................................71
Language ....................................................................................................................71
Gene x Environment .....................................................................................................72
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................72
Summary Down Syndrome ...........................................................................................72
William’s Syndrome .........................................................................................................72
Genetics .....................................................................................................................73
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................73
Physical characteristics ...............................................................................................73
Visuospatial cognition ..................................................................................................73
Language ....................................................................................................................73
Hypersociability...........................................................................................................74
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................74
Environment ................................................................................................................75
Summary Williams Syndrome .......................................................................................75
Fragile-X Syndrome .........................................................................................................75
Genetics .....................................................................................................................75
Psychical characteristics ..............................................................................................76
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................76
Inherited .....................................................................................................................76
Cognitive phenotype ....................................................................................................76
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................77
Environment ................................................................................................................77
Summary Fragile-X Syndrom .........................................................................................78
Comparison ....................................................................................................................78
Hoorcollege 7: Genderdysforie (12-09) .................................................................................79
Sekse en gender ..............................................................................................................79
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................79
Sekse versus gender ....................................................................................................79
Sekse en gender in klinische psychologie.......................................................................80
Sekse en gender in onderzoek .......................................................................................82
Genderdysforie ...............................................................................................................85
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................85
, Wat “is” genderdysforie? ..............................................................................................85
Ontstaan genderdysforie (etiologie) ...............................................................................87
Transgender personen en (hersen)onderzoek .................................................................88
Genderbevestigende zorg .............................................................................................89
Veranderingen .............................................................................................................95
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................95
Hoorcollege 8: Hersentumoren & infectieziekten (17-09) .......................................................96
Part I: Brain Tumours .......................................................................................................96
Learning objectives ......................................................................................................96
Learning materials .......................................................................................................96
Cancer statistics .........................................................................................................96
What are brain tumours? ..............................................................................................96
Prognosis ....................................................................................................................97
Locations of brain tumours ...........................................................................................97
Clinical complaints ......................................................................................................98
Cognitive function........................................................................................................98
Cause of cognitive impairment .....................................................................................99
Summary .................................................................................................................. 102
Part II: Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................. 102
Learning objectives .................................................................................................... 102
Learning materials ..................................................................................................... 102
Terminology ............................................................................................................... 103
Viral infections........................................................................................................... 103
Bacterial infections .................................................................................................... 105
Autoimmune disorders ............................................................................................... 106
Summary .................................................................................................................. 106
Hoorcollege 9: Vasculaire cognitieve stoornissen (18-09)..................................................... 107
Learning objectives ....................................................................................................... 107
Learning materials......................................................................................................... 107
Vascular cognitive disorders .......................................................................................... 107
Types of stroke........................................................................................................... 107
Cerebral infarct ............................................................................................................. 107
Cognitive consequences of stroke .................................................................................. 108
Transient Ischaemic Attack ............................................................................................ 108
Lacunar infarct .............................................................................................................. 108
Cerebral Haemorrhage .................................................................................................. 109
, Other complaints .......................................................................................................... 109
Visual deficits ............................................................................................................ 109
Summary ...................................................................................................................... 111
Hoorcollege 10: Autisme en ADHD (19-09).......................................................................... 112
Onthoud: ...................................................................................................................... 112
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................... 112
Terminologie i.v.m. psychopathologie.............................................................................. 112
DSM (herhaling) ......................................................................................................... 112
Neurodiversiteit ......................................................................................................... 112
HiToP ........................................................................................................................ 113
Transdiagnostisch ...................................................................................................... 114
Autisme (artikel) ............................................................................................................ 114
Autisme in de DSM ..................................................................................................... 114
Definitie .................................................................................................................... 114
Neuropsychologische verklaringsmodellen .................................................................. 115
ADHD (artikel) ............................................................................................................... 117
Definitie .................................................................................................................... 117
Neuropsychologische verklaringsmodellen .................................................................. 118
Onthoud dus ook: ......................................................................................................... 119
Hoorcollege 11: Psychofarmacologie (20-09) ...................................................................... 120
Farmacodynamiek ........................................................................................................ 120
Herhaling neurotransmissie........................................................................................ 120
Agonist spectrum ...................................................................................................... 121
Farmacokinetiek ........................................................................................................... 121
Maximale plasmaconcentratie en halfwaardetijd ......................................................... 121
Toediening ................................................................................................................. 122
Leverenzymen ........................................................................................................... 122
Drugs of medicijn? ........................................................................................................ 123
Amfetamine .............................................................................................................. 123
MDMA ....................................................................................................................... 125
Cannabis .................................................................................................................. 125
,Hoorcollege 1: History of Neuropsychology (02-09)
De afwijkingen waar we het over gaan hebben, hebben vaak een biologische basis, maar zijn
ingewikkelder aangezien er ook sociale en culturele aspecten zijn.
Veel van de afwijkingen hebben vage grenzen. Het onderscheiden van afwijkingen gaat dan om
argumenten en die grenzen staan niet vast.
Leerdoelen
Cursus:
• Kennis van (feiten, opsommingen, definities):
o Processen die leiden tot klinische verschijnselen
o Behandeling van klinische symptomen
o Bijdrage van onderzoek om tot een nieuwe behandeling te komen
• Inzicht in (uitleggen, beschrijven, vergelijken):
o Huidige onderzoek van ziektebeeld
o Mogelijke extrapolatie naar andere ziektebeelden
Dit college:
• The student can recall key figures and milestones in the history of clinical
neuropsychology
• The student can explain different approaches to understanding brain-behaviour
relationships from the history of clinical neuropsychology
• The student can analyse historical cases or findings to highlight their significance in
shaping modern clinical neuropsychology
Studiemateriaal
• Kessels hoofdstuk 1: 1.1, 1.2 en 1.3
• Slides
History
, Antiquity (400 BCE – 300 BCE)
Philosophy meets empiricism.
Aristotle
- Aristotele was a highly influential thinker.
- He believed the heart is the seat of intelligence.
- He compared different animals.
- He believed that smart animals are hot. He thought when humans die, they become cold
so their intelligence goes away.
- The brain cools the body.
Hippocrates
- He is the father of modern medicine.
- He saw that animals with damaged heads, their functions decreased. He stated that the
brain is important for mental functions.
- He pioneered lesion observations.
Claudius Galen
- He pioneered (animal) dissections and comparative anatomy. He made links between
functions and organisation of the brain.
- He assumed that cow brains were the same as human brains which led to errors.
- He mapped the ventricular system and cranial nerves.
- He also distinguished sensory and motor nerves.
Neuropsychology before the Renaissance
- The gross anatomy was established.
- There was some idea that the brain is important for mental function
- There was no specific theory of brain-behaviour relationships.
Why was there so little progress over hundreds of years?
- There was the notion that the soul had no physical basis.
- Experimentation on humans was forbidden
- The scientific method was not fully established
- The exchange of ideas was limited.
Renaissance (1500 – 1900)
During the renaissance, the scientific method took hold and the soul got localised.
Vesalius
- He is the founder of human anatomy.
- He created detailed descriptions and drawings of the anatomy of the brain.
Hoorcollege 1: History of Neuropsychology (02-09) ................................................................ 7
Leerdoelen .................................................................................................................... 7
Studiemateriaal ............................................................................................................ 7
History ............................................................................................................................ 7
Antiquity (400 BCE – 300 BCE)........................................................................................ 8
Renaissance (1500 – 1900) ............................................................................................ 8
19th century (1800 – WWI) .............................................................................................. 9
20th century (1900 – 1990) .............................................................................................. 9
Dark history .................................................................................................................10
Hoorcollege 2: DSM en diermodellen (03-09) ........................................................................11
Leerdoelen: ....................................................................................................................11
Definities ....................................................................................................................11
Classificatie psychiatrische stoornissen ...........................................................................11
DSM............................................................................................................................11
Alternatieven ...............................................................................................................14
Onderzoek naar hersenziektes op verschillende niveaus .................................................15
Diermodellen ..................................................................................................................17
Gebruik van diermodellen in onderzoek .........................................................................17
Diermodel: goed model voor mens? (Artikel) ..................................................................17
Beperkingen diermodellen ............................................................................................19
Soorten diermodellen ..................................................................................................19
Hoorcollege 3: Dementie (05-09) .........................................................................................22
De ziekte van Alzheimer en dementie ................................................................................22
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................22
Verschijnselen / symptomen; ........................................................................................22
Progressie ...................................................................................................................23
Prevalentie en soorten .................................................................................................23
Veranderingen in de hersenen .......................................................................................23
Overige veranderingen..................................................................................................25
Genetische (risico)factoren bij AD .................................................................................29
Overige risicofactoren ..................................................................................................31
Genetica .....................................................................................................................31
Therapie ......................................................................................................................32
Part I: Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) ..............................................................................35
, Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................35
Materiaal .....................................................................................................................35
FTD and variants ..........................................................................................................35
Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................36
Brain differences .........................................................................................................37
Progression .................................................................................................................38
Genetics .....................................................................................................................38
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................38
Misdiagnosis and treatment .........................................................................................39
Summary ....................................................................................................................39
Part II: Dementia with Lewy Bodies ...................................................................................40
Learning outcomes ......................................................................................................40
Learning materials .......................................................................................................40
Dementia with Lewy Bodies ..........................................................................................40
Prevalence ..................................................................................................................40
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................40
Genetics .....................................................................................................................40
Clinical Characteristics ................................................................................................41
Treatment ...................................................................................................................41
Summary ....................................................................................................................42
Guess the disorder exercise (slide 44):...........................................................................42
Hoorcollege 4: Eetstoornissen (06-09) ..................................................................................43
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) .....................................................................................................43
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................43
Introductie ..................................................................................................................43
Behandeling van AN .....................................................................................................44
Psychofarmacologie ....................................................................................................45
Neuropathofysiologie ...................................................................................................46
Obesitas.........................................................................................................................48
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................48
Epidemie.....................................................................................................................48
Neurobiologie ..............................................................................................................49
Behandeling ................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 5: Traumatisch hersenletsel (09-09) ...................................................................57
Learning objectives ......................................................................................................57
Reading material .........................................................................................................57
, Overview ........................................................................................................................57
Definition and classification .........................................................................................57
Epidemiology ..............................................................................................................57
Risk factors and causes................................................................................................57
Long-term implications ................................................................................................58
Classification ..............................................................................................................58
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................59
Penetrating head injuries (PHI) .........................................................................................60
Causes .......................................................................................................................60
Mortality & Severity ......................................................................................................60
Types of injuries ...........................................................................................................60
Neuropathology ...........................................................................................................60
Outcome.....................................................................................................................60
Progression .................................................................................................................61
Closed head injuries (CHI) ...............................................................................................61
Definition ....................................................................................................................61
Mild TBI .......................................................................................................................63
Moderate TBI ...............................................................................................................64
Severe TBI ...................................................................................................................65
Moderator variables ........................................................................................................66
Age .............................................................................................................................66
Repeated TBIs .............................................................................................................66
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) ......................................................................66
Polytrauma ..................................................................................................................66
Alcohol and substance use...........................................................................................67
Summary ........................................................................................................................67
Hoorcollege 6: Genetische ontwikkelingsstoornissen (10-11) .................................................68
Learning outcomes..........................................................................................................68
Learning materials...........................................................................................................68
Overview of genetic mechanisms .....................................................................................68
Types of mutations .......................................................................................................68
Neuroconstructivism ...................................................................................................69
Genotype to Phenotype ................................................................................................69
Disorders of known genetic disorders ............................................................................69
Down Syndrome..............................................................................................................70
Genetics .....................................................................................................................70
, Physical characteristics ...............................................................................................70
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................70
Risk factors .................................................................................................................71
Cognitive phenotype ....................................................................................................71
Language ....................................................................................................................71
Gene x Environment .....................................................................................................72
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................72
Summary Down Syndrome ...........................................................................................72
William’s Syndrome .........................................................................................................72
Genetics .....................................................................................................................73
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................73
Physical characteristics ...............................................................................................73
Visuospatial cognition ..................................................................................................73
Language ....................................................................................................................73
Hypersociability...........................................................................................................74
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................74
Environment ................................................................................................................75
Summary Williams Syndrome .......................................................................................75
Fragile-X Syndrome .........................................................................................................75
Genetics .....................................................................................................................75
Psychical characteristics ..............................................................................................76
Health concerns ..........................................................................................................76
Inherited .....................................................................................................................76
Cognitive phenotype ....................................................................................................76
Neural phenotype ........................................................................................................77
Environment ................................................................................................................77
Summary Fragile-X Syndrom .........................................................................................78
Comparison ....................................................................................................................78
Hoorcollege 7: Genderdysforie (12-09) .................................................................................79
Sekse en gender ..............................................................................................................79
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................79
Sekse versus gender ....................................................................................................79
Sekse en gender in klinische psychologie.......................................................................80
Sekse en gender in onderzoek .......................................................................................82
Genderdysforie ...............................................................................................................85
Leerdoelen ..................................................................................................................85
, Wat “is” genderdysforie? ..............................................................................................85
Ontstaan genderdysforie (etiologie) ...............................................................................87
Transgender personen en (hersen)onderzoek .................................................................88
Genderbevestigende zorg .............................................................................................89
Veranderingen .............................................................................................................95
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................95
Hoorcollege 8: Hersentumoren & infectieziekten (17-09) .......................................................96
Part I: Brain Tumours .......................................................................................................96
Learning objectives ......................................................................................................96
Learning materials .......................................................................................................96
Cancer statistics .........................................................................................................96
What are brain tumours? ..............................................................................................96
Prognosis ....................................................................................................................97
Locations of brain tumours ...........................................................................................97
Clinical complaints ......................................................................................................98
Cognitive function........................................................................................................98
Cause of cognitive impairment .....................................................................................99
Summary .................................................................................................................. 102
Part II: Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................. 102
Learning objectives .................................................................................................... 102
Learning materials ..................................................................................................... 102
Terminology ............................................................................................................... 103
Viral infections........................................................................................................... 103
Bacterial infections .................................................................................................... 105
Autoimmune disorders ............................................................................................... 106
Summary .................................................................................................................. 106
Hoorcollege 9: Vasculaire cognitieve stoornissen (18-09)..................................................... 107
Learning objectives ....................................................................................................... 107
Learning materials......................................................................................................... 107
Vascular cognitive disorders .......................................................................................... 107
Types of stroke........................................................................................................... 107
Cerebral infarct ............................................................................................................. 107
Cognitive consequences of stroke .................................................................................. 108
Transient Ischaemic Attack ............................................................................................ 108
Lacunar infarct .............................................................................................................. 108
Cerebral Haemorrhage .................................................................................................. 109
, Other complaints .......................................................................................................... 109
Visual deficits ............................................................................................................ 109
Summary ...................................................................................................................... 111
Hoorcollege 10: Autisme en ADHD (19-09).......................................................................... 112
Onthoud: ...................................................................................................................... 112
Leerdoelen ................................................................................................................... 112
Terminologie i.v.m. psychopathologie.............................................................................. 112
DSM (herhaling) ......................................................................................................... 112
Neurodiversiteit ......................................................................................................... 112
HiToP ........................................................................................................................ 113
Transdiagnostisch ...................................................................................................... 114
Autisme (artikel) ............................................................................................................ 114
Autisme in de DSM ..................................................................................................... 114
Definitie .................................................................................................................... 114
Neuropsychologische verklaringsmodellen .................................................................. 115
ADHD (artikel) ............................................................................................................... 117
Definitie .................................................................................................................... 117
Neuropsychologische verklaringsmodellen .................................................................. 118
Onthoud dus ook: ......................................................................................................... 119
Hoorcollege 11: Psychofarmacologie (20-09) ...................................................................... 120
Farmacodynamiek ........................................................................................................ 120
Herhaling neurotransmissie........................................................................................ 120
Agonist spectrum ...................................................................................................... 121
Farmacokinetiek ........................................................................................................... 121
Maximale plasmaconcentratie en halfwaardetijd ......................................................... 121
Toediening ................................................................................................................. 122
Leverenzymen ........................................................................................................... 122
Drugs of medicijn? ........................................................................................................ 123
Amfetamine .............................................................................................................. 123
MDMA ....................................................................................................................... 125
Cannabis .................................................................................................................. 125
,Hoorcollege 1: History of Neuropsychology (02-09)
De afwijkingen waar we het over gaan hebben, hebben vaak een biologische basis, maar zijn
ingewikkelder aangezien er ook sociale en culturele aspecten zijn.
Veel van de afwijkingen hebben vage grenzen. Het onderscheiden van afwijkingen gaat dan om
argumenten en die grenzen staan niet vast.
Leerdoelen
Cursus:
• Kennis van (feiten, opsommingen, definities):
o Processen die leiden tot klinische verschijnselen
o Behandeling van klinische symptomen
o Bijdrage van onderzoek om tot een nieuwe behandeling te komen
• Inzicht in (uitleggen, beschrijven, vergelijken):
o Huidige onderzoek van ziektebeeld
o Mogelijke extrapolatie naar andere ziektebeelden
Dit college:
• The student can recall key figures and milestones in the history of clinical
neuropsychology
• The student can explain different approaches to understanding brain-behaviour
relationships from the history of clinical neuropsychology
• The student can analyse historical cases or findings to highlight their significance in
shaping modern clinical neuropsychology
Studiemateriaal
• Kessels hoofdstuk 1: 1.1, 1.2 en 1.3
• Slides
History
, Antiquity (400 BCE – 300 BCE)
Philosophy meets empiricism.
Aristotle
- Aristotele was a highly influential thinker.
- He believed the heart is the seat of intelligence.
- He compared different animals.
- He believed that smart animals are hot. He thought when humans die, they become cold
so their intelligence goes away.
- The brain cools the body.
Hippocrates
- He is the father of modern medicine.
- He saw that animals with damaged heads, their functions decreased. He stated that the
brain is important for mental functions.
- He pioneered lesion observations.
Claudius Galen
- He pioneered (animal) dissections and comparative anatomy. He made links between
functions and organisation of the brain.
- He assumed that cow brains were the same as human brains which led to errors.
- He mapped the ventricular system and cranial nerves.
- He also distinguished sensory and motor nerves.
Neuropsychology before the Renaissance
- The gross anatomy was established.
- There was some idea that the brain is important for mental function
- There was no specific theory of brain-behaviour relationships.
Why was there so little progress over hundreds of years?
- There was the notion that the soul had no physical basis.
- Experimentation on humans was forbidden
- The scientific method was not fully established
- The exchange of ideas was limited.
Renaissance (1500 – 1900)
During the renaissance, the scientific method took hold and the soul got localised.
Vesalius
- He is the founder of human anatomy.
- He created detailed descriptions and drawings of the anatomy of the brain.
