Chemistry - Summary

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY



÷:÷÷÷:: : : :a
Ch H2 n t 2




÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷:÷: :
THE HYDROCARBONS ALKANES
organic molecules are molecules
with
containing carbon atoms




carbides and cyanide S i .
'

.
BP T
H
saturated compound
FUNCTIONAL




%IYafITate"anydrocarb


÷ ÷ ÷: ÷ :÷ ÷ :÷:÷ ÷÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷÷÷f
GROUPS cnH2n



strufnowYRFfnefooar.MUA naming
H H H H H
'
double bonds
'


f I I H




)
g g
- - -

H
-
-
-




!:c:D.gg?nr:YfImnEIItIIIIIIeYg !:p
①
H " " " "
no NAMING SUMMARY
SEMI STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL
-
① identify GROUP
SUFFIX
FORMULA functional group →
① continuous
Name the longest y
most important bonds • alkanes end in ane
-



chain
alkenes end in -
ene
•

③ Include any alkyl substituents




MOLC-fuumthe-RfypoeskotfaY.fm'T CH 3 methyl
ethyl
:i÷i÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:÷
-
e add ol

CH 2
Cq Hg
CH 3 ⑧ carboxylic acids
-




end in 01C acid
ft
-




H H
NB
pi
'


+, o
'


l NO # S




I
l 11

d "
C C -
H c OH


ti
-

c
- - -



H -
-
c -




' '
⑨ Esters




i÷÷÷÷÷: :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:
" "
oate
DIENES
end n -




'
"A "
add -
c -
O - c -




contain XZ double bonds DOUBLE BONDS
I
alkene → IF THE MOLECULE CONTAINS
+ SIDE CHAINS

"




tin:
"




:÷i÷ ÷ ÷. ÷ i÷ ÷
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS F fluoro
chloro A SIZE Of
Cl
strength 9 with
bromo molecule
Br
CHAIN ISOMERS ' od 're
I due to : 9 in electron cloud
different chain lengths
density

POSITIONAL ISOMERS




:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷:÷: :. ".
different position for
ALCOHOLS
the
functional group
same

bond Bp g Mp
strong hydrogen




÷÷÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS COMBUSTION RXNS
different functional COMBUSTION OF ALKANES
groups
methane burns in excess oxygen




" iii. in .
l l ethanol burns in excess oxygen
l l H H
Ca Hs Ott




H H

, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1 HYDROCARBONS : carbon t
hydrogen
carbon atoms can form a strong covalent bonds saturated =
only contain single bonds [ ALKANET ]

( n H2 ht 2



carbon atoms can Undergo hybrid nation unsaturated =
contain atleast one double triple bond
[ ALKENES ]
( NH 2h


GROUND STATE

P P 2 HALO ALKA Nfl : contain at least ONE Halogen atom

H H H H
substituent
Ttv l l l l
f
H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
Cl
l
l l l

Tf H H H
H
Addition of a small l -
chloro butane
amount of energy leads
EXCITED STATE to hybridization of the
carbon atom
f fluoro Br bromo

P P M CI chloro l todo


p


TW 3 ALCOHOLS : contain at least one hydroxyl group
ft C -
OH )

0
REPRESENTATION il
'
ft ft i t'
STRUCTURAL → all the bonds t all the atoms H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
H

ti ti ti ti H
"H H H L ol
pent an
- -
-




l l l

H -
C -
C -
C -
H
O
l l l
'
C d )
H H H
4 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
: carboxyl group
- -
OH


[ propane ]

H H O
l l l
SEMI -
STRUCTURAL → all bonds in parent chain t substituents H -
C -
C -
C
l l l

H H O -
H

propanol C ACID
( Hz
-
CH z
-
CH -
( H2 -
CH 3
I

CH 3


5 ESTERS : alcohols react w carboxylic acids
0
=
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL →
only double bonds shown R -
C
' '
o
-

R
ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP


CH3CH= CHCH 3


O H H
'' ' '
MOLECULAR FORMULAE → # 8 types of atoms H -
C -
O -
C -
C -
H
l l

H H
CH 3 Br Cz Ha 02
( 4h10 ethyl Methanoate




CLASSIFICATION

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES → a group of compounds which


have the same functional group and similar physical 8


Chemical properties

,NOMENCLATURE POSITIONAL ISOMERS → these isomers have a different
position in the same functional
group


/ HOMOLOGOUS SERIE I = SUFFIX H H H H H
l l l l
/
H -
c = C -
C -
c -
c -
H
3 4 5
( Z l l l
series suffix
Homologous H H H

ane H H H
Alkane H
-




H l l l
l
H
l
C
= C
sc
- - -

Alkene -
ene
H -
c
-
c
\
I 2 3 41 1
Halo alkane ane
H H H
-




Alcohol -
ol



acid hole acid FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS → contain different functional
carboxylic
-




groups
Ester noate
H
-




H O H O H
l l ll l ll l

H H C O C C H
C C C OH - - - -
- - - - -



l l
l
2 # THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON l
H H
H
H
ATOMS IN SUCH A WAY → FUNCTIONAL GROUP

SITUATED → LOWEST # CARBON SUMMARY → IUPAC NAMING

I identify the homologous group by identifying FG


# OF CARBON A- TOMI PREFIX 2 # the longest continuous carbon chain

I meth -
3 # in alphabetical order if more than one

2 eth -
4 commas → #s dashes → # sand words

3 prop -

5 vowels and consonants

4 but -




5 pent -
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
b hex -




7 hept -




8 Oct -




a non -




10 dec -




ALKYL SUBSTITUENTS " side -
chain "




ALKYL SUB .
NAME
-
CH } Methyl
-
CHzCH3 ethyl
-
CHICHI CH 3 propyl


CHAIN ISOMERS → isomers have different chain
lengths
EXAMPLE
CH3 5
I I 4 I 2 3 4
2 3

C CHI CH 3 CH } CH CHI CHI CH 3
CH3
- - - - -
- -




I 1

CH 3 CH 3

, HYDROGEN BONDING

Found in alcohols X carboxylic acids




X carboxylic acids →
experience a greater # of these

forces per molecule than alcohols




X carboxylic acids
.

. .
→
stronger overall intermolecular
forces btw molecules



X requiring
'


. . more energy to overcome the hydrogen
bonding forces

M MP X BP
X resulting in in carboxylic acids

H
H
i O -
H . - .
O - ,
-
I a -
-
C H
c - -



H -
C -
C l
' /
Il H
H O - - -

H -
O

T acid
Hydrogen bonding in acetic




PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

T MP X 9 BP → INDICATION OF STRONGER IMF
PRESENT BTW PARTICLES




LOW VISCOSITY = liquid can flow easily

when IMF T in strength → substance become more viscous


HB = A viscosity

MISCIBLE → solid can dissolve in liquid become homogenous
solution