Solution Manual for V V
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V 7
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
7
Based Practice 3rd Editio
7 V V V 7
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
The7 questions7 are7 in7 bold7 followed7 by7 answers.
1. In7Table71,7identify7the7level7 of7 measurement7 for77the77current77therapy77 variable.77 Pr7ovide7
a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7The7current7 therapy77variable7was7measured77at77the77nominal7 level.7These7drug7 c7ate
gories7were7probably7developed7to7be7exhaustive7for7this7study77and77included77the77cate7gories7
of7drugs7the7subjects7were77receiving.77However,77the77categories77are77not77exclusive,7since7pati
ents7 are7usually7on7 more7than7one77 category77 of77these77 drugs77to77manage77their77 h7ealth7 proble
ms.7 The7current7therapies7 are7 not7 measured7 at7 the7 ordinal7 level7 because7 they7cannot7be7ran
k77ordered,77since77no77drug77category77can77be77considered77more77or77less77benefi7cial7 than7 anoth
er7 drug7 category7 (see7 Figure7 1-1;7 Grove7 &7 Gray,7 2019).
2. What7 is7the7 mode7for7the7current77 therapy77 variable77 in77this77study?77 Provide77 a77ratio7nale7
for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7 The7 mode7 for7 current7 therapy7 was7 β7 blocker.7 A7 total7 of7 1007 (94%)7 of7 the7 cardiac7 patie7nts
were7 receiving7 this7 category7 of77 drug,77 which77 was77 the77 most77 common77 prescribed77 drug77 for77 t7his7
sample.
3. What7statistics7 were7 conducted77to7describe7the7 BMI7 of7the77cardiac7patients7in7 this7sampl
e?7 Discuss7 whether7these77analysis77techniques77 were77 appropriate77or77inappropri7ate.
Answer:7BMI7was7described7with7a7mean7and7standard7deviation7(SD).7BMI7measurement7result
ed7in7ratio-
level7data7with7continuous7values7and7an77absolute77zero77(Stone77&77Frazier,772017).77Ratio-
7level7data 77should77be77analyzed 77with77parametric 77statistics 77such 77as77the77mean77and77SD7(Gro7ve
7 & 77Gray, 7 2017;7 Knapp, 7 2017).
4. Researchers7used7the7following7item7to7measure7registered7nurses’7(RNs)7 income7 in7 a7study:
7 What7 category7identifies7 your7 current7income7 as7an7 RN?
a.7 Less7 than7 $50,000
b.7 $50,000 to 59,999
c.7 $60,000 to 69,999
d.7 $70,000 to 80,000
e.7 $80,000 or greater
What7 level7 of77 measurement77is77this77income77variable?77 Does77the77income77variable77follo7w7
the7rules7 outlined7 in7 Figure7 1-1?7 Provide7 a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7 In7this7example,7the7income7variable7is7measured7at7the7ordinal7 level.7 The7 income7catego-
ries7 are7 exhaustive,7 ranging7 from7 less7 than7 $50,0007 to7 greater7 than7 $80,000.7 The7 two7 op7en-ended
,AG7 1-1
, AG7 1-2 Answer7 Guidelines7 for7 Questions7 to7 Be7 Graded
categories7 ensure7 that7 all7 salary7 levels7 are7 covered.7 The7 categories7 are7 not7 exclusive,7 sinc7e
7 catego-
ries77(d)77 and77(e)77 include77 an77 $80,00077 salary,77so77study77 participants77 making77 $80,00077 migh7t7
mark7either7(d)7 or77(e)77 or77 both77 categories,77 resulting77 in77erroneous77 data.77 Category77(e)77 c7ould7
be7changed77 to77greater77than77 $80,000,77 making77the77 categories77 exclusive.77The77categor7ies7 can7
7 be77rank 77 ordered77from 77 the77lowest77 salary77 to77the77 highest 77 salary, 77 which77 is77 consiste 7nt7 with7 or
dinal7 data7 (Grove7 &7 Gray,7 2019;7 Waltz7 et7 al.,7 2017).
5. What7 level7 of7 measurement7 is7 the7 CDS7 score?7 Provide7 a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.7
Answer:7 The77 CDS77score77is77 at77the77interval77level77 of77 measurement.77 The77 CDS77 is77 a77 26-
7item 77 Likert 77 scale 77developed 77 to77 measure 77 depression 77 in77 cardiac 77 patients. 77 Study77 participant7s
7 rated7 their7 symp-
toms7 on7 a7scale7 of7 17to77,7 with7 higher7 numbers7 indicating7 increased7 severity7in7the7depressi
on7 symptoms.7 The7total7 scores7for7 each7subject7 obtained7from7this7 multi-
item7scale77are77considered77to77be77at77the77interval77level77 of77 measurement77(Gray77et77al.,77 2017
;7 Waltz77et77 al.,772017).
5.7Were7nonparametric7or7parametric7analysis7techniques77used77to77analyze77the77CDS77sc7o
res7 for7the7 cardiac7 patients7 in7this7study?7 Provide7 a7rationale77 for77 your77answer.7Answe
r:7 Parametric7 statistics,7such7as7mean7and77SD,77were77 conducted77to77 describe77 CDS7scores
for7 study7 participants7 (see7 Table7 1).7 CDS7 scores7 are7 interval-
level7data7as7indicated7in7Questions775,77so77parametric77statistics77are77appropriate77for77this77le7ve
l7 of7 data7 (Gray7 et7 al.,7 2017;7 Kim7 &7 Mallory,7 2017).
7. Is7the7 prevalence7 of7 depression7linked7to7the7 NYHA7 class?7 Discuss7 the7clinical7 im7portanc
e7 of7 this7 result.
Answer:7 The7study77narrative77indicated77that77 the77 prevalence77of77 depression77 increased77with7the
7 greater7 NYHA7 class. 7 In 7 NYHA 7 class 7 III, 7 64% 7 of7 the7 subjects 7 were7 depressed,7 where7as7 1
1%7 of7 the7subjects7 were7 depressed7 in7 NYHA7 class7 I.7 Thus,7 as7 the7 NYHA7 class7 incr7eased,
7 the7 number7 of 7 sub-
jects7 with7 depression7 increased.7 This7 is7 an7 expected7 finding7 because7 as7 the7 NYHA7 class7incr
eases,7 cardiac7 patients7 have7 more7 severe7 physical7 symptoms,7 which7 usually7 result7 in7emotion
al7 distress,7 such7 as7 depression.7 Nurses7 need7 to7 actively7 assess7 cardiac7 patients7 for7depression,7 e
specially7 those7 in7 higher7 NYHA7 classes,7 so7 they7 might7 be7 diagnosed777and7treated7 as7 need
ed.
8. What7frequency7and7percent77of77cardiac77patients77in77this77study77were77not77being77trea7ted
7with7an7antidepressant? 7Show 7your 7calculations7 and7round7your 7 answer 7to77the7nearest7 w
hole7 percent7 (%).
Answer:7 A7 total7 of7 1067 cardiac7 patients7 participated7 in77 this77 study.77 The77 sample77 inc7luded
1577patients77who77were77receiving777an777antidepressant777(see777Table7771).777The777numb7er7
of7 cardiac7 patients7 not7 treated7 for7 depression7 was7 917 (1067 –
157 =7 91).7 The7 group7 percent7 is7 calculated77 by77 the77 following77 formula:77 (group77 frequ7ency
7 ÷7 total 7 sample 77 size) 77 ×7 100%. 77 For 77 this77 study, 77(9177 patients 77 ÷7 10677 sample77 siz7e) 77×71
00%77=70.85877×7100%777=785.8%777=786%.777The777final77answer777is777rounded777to777t7he77 nearest7
7 whole77 percent77 as77 directed77 in77 the77 question. 77 You77 could 77 have 77 also77 subtracte 7d7 the77 14% 77 o
f77 patients77treated77 with77antidepressants77from77 100%77and77 obtained77the77 86%7who7 were7 not7 tre
ated7 with7 an7 antidepressant.
t.7 What77 was77 the77 purpose77 of77 the775-
minute7 walk77test77(5MWT)?77 Would77the775MWT77 be77 useful77in77clinical77 practice?
Answer:7 Ha7 et77al.7 (2018)7 stated,7 “The7 6-
min7 walk7 test7 (6MWT)7is7 a77measure77of7 the7 submaximal,77steady-
state7functional7 capacity”7 of7 cardiac7 patients.7 This7test7 would7be7a7 quick,7 easy7 way77to7deter
mine7 a7 cardiac7 patient’s7 functional7 status7 in7 a7 clinical77 setting.77 This77 functional7status7
score7 could7 be7 used7 to7 determine7 the7 treatment7 plan7 to7 promote7 or7 maintain
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V 7
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
7
Based Practice 3rd Editio
7 V V V 7
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
The7 questions7 are7 in7 bold7 followed7 by7 answers.
1. In7Table71,7identify7the7level7 of7 measurement7 for77the77current77therapy77 variable.77 Pr7ovide7
a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7The7current7 therapy77variable7was7measured77at77the77nominal7 level.7These7drug7 c7ate
gories7were7probably7developed7to7be7exhaustive7for7this7study77and77included77the77cate7gories7
of7drugs7the7subjects7were77receiving.77However,77the77categories77are77not77exclusive,7since7pati
ents7 are7usually7on7 more7than7one77 category77 of77these77 drugs77to77manage77their77 h7ealth7 proble
ms.7 The7current7therapies7 are7 not7 measured7 at7 the7 ordinal7 level7 because7 they7cannot7be7ran
k77ordered,77since77no77drug77category77can77be77considered77more77or77less77benefi7cial7 than7 anoth
er7 drug7 category7 (see7 Figure7 1-1;7 Grove7 &7 Gray,7 2019).
2. What7 is7the7 mode7for7the7current77 therapy77 variable77 in77this77study?77 Provide77 a77ratio7nale7
for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7 The7 mode7 for7 current7 therapy7 was7 β7 blocker.7 A7 total7 of7 1007 (94%)7 of7 the7 cardiac7 patie7nts
were7 receiving7 this7 category7 of77 drug,77 which77 was77 the77 most77 common77 prescribed77 drug77 for77 t7his7
sample.
3. What7statistics7 were7 conducted77to7describe7the7 BMI7 of7the77cardiac7patients7in7 this7sampl
e?7 Discuss7 whether7these77analysis77techniques77 were77 appropriate77or77inappropri7ate.
Answer:7BMI7was7described7with7a7mean7and7standard7deviation7(SD).7BMI7measurement7result
ed7in7ratio-
level7data7with7continuous7values7and7an77absolute77zero77(Stone77&77Frazier,772017).77Ratio-
7level7data 77should77be77analyzed 77with77parametric 77statistics 77such 77as77the77mean77and77SD7(Gro7ve
7 & 77Gray, 7 2017;7 Knapp, 7 2017).
4. Researchers7used7the7following7item7to7measure7registered7nurses’7(RNs)7 income7 in7 a7study:
7 What7 category7identifies7 your7 current7income7 as7an7 RN?
a.7 Less7 than7 $50,000
b.7 $50,000 to 59,999
c.7 $60,000 to 69,999
d.7 $70,000 to 80,000
e.7 $80,000 or greater
What7 level7 of77 measurement77is77this77income77variable?77 Does77the77income77variable77follo7w7
the7rules7 outlined7 in7 Figure7 1-1?7 Provide7 a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.
Answer:7 In7this7example,7the7income7variable7is7measured7at7the7ordinal7 level.7 The7 income7catego-
ries7 are7 exhaustive,7 ranging7 from7 less7 than7 $50,0007 to7 greater7 than7 $80,000.7 The7 two7 op7en-ended
,AG7 1-1
, AG7 1-2 Answer7 Guidelines7 for7 Questions7 to7 Be7 Graded
categories7 ensure7 that7 all7 salary7 levels7 are7 covered.7 The7 categories7 are7 not7 exclusive,7 sinc7e
7 catego-
ries77(d)77 and77(e)77 include77 an77 $80,00077 salary,77so77study77 participants77 making77 $80,00077 migh7t7
mark7either7(d)7 or77(e)77 or77 both77 categories,77 resulting77 in77erroneous77 data.77 Category77(e)77 c7ould7
be7changed77 to77greater77than77 $80,000,77 making77the77 categories77 exclusive.77The77categor7ies7 can7
7 be77rank 77 ordered77from 77 the77lowest77 salary77 to77the77 highest 77 salary, 77 which77 is77 consiste 7nt7 with7 or
dinal7 data7 (Grove7 &7 Gray,7 2019;7 Waltz7 et7 al.,7 2017).
5. What7 level7 of7 measurement7 is7 the7 CDS7 score?7 Provide7 a7 rationale7 for7 your7 answer.7
Answer:7 The77 CDS77score77is77 at77the77interval77level77 of77 measurement.77 The77 CDS77 is77 a77 26-
7item 77 Likert 77 scale 77developed 77 to77 measure 77 depression 77 in77 cardiac 77 patients. 77 Study77 participant7s
7 rated7 their7 symp-
toms7 on7 a7scale7 of7 17to77,7 with7 higher7 numbers7 indicating7 increased7 severity7in7the7depressi
on7 symptoms.7 The7total7 scores7for7 each7subject7 obtained7from7this7 multi-
item7scale77are77considered77to77be77at77the77interval77level77 of77 measurement77(Gray77et77al.,77 2017
;7 Waltz77et77 al.,772017).
5.7Were7nonparametric7or7parametric7analysis7techniques77used77to77analyze77the77CDS77sc7o
res7 for7the7 cardiac7 patients7 in7this7study?7 Provide7 a7rationale77 for77 your77answer.7Answe
r:7 Parametric7 statistics,7such7as7mean7and77SD,77were77 conducted77to77 describe77 CDS7scores
for7 study7 participants7 (see7 Table7 1).7 CDS7 scores7 are7 interval-
level7data7as7indicated7in7Questions775,77so77parametric77statistics77are77appropriate77for77this77le7ve
l7 of7 data7 (Gray7 et7 al.,7 2017;7 Kim7 &7 Mallory,7 2017).
7. Is7the7 prevalence7 of7 depression7linked7to7the7 NYHA7 class?7 Discuss7 the7clinical7 im7portanc
e7 of7 this7 result.
Answer:7 The7study77narrative77indicated77that77 the77 prevalence77of77 depression77 increased77with7the
7 greater7 NYHA7 class. 7 In 7 NYHA 7 class 7 III, 7 64% 7 of7 the7 subjects 7 were7 depressed,7 where7as7 1
1%7 of7 the7subjects7 were7 depressed7 in7 NYHA7 class7 I.7 Thus,7 as7 the7 NYHA7 class7 incr7eased,
7 the7 number7 of 7 sub-
jects7 with7 depression7 increased.7 This7 is7 an7 expected7 finding7 because7 as7 the7 NYHA7 class7incr
eases,7 cardiac7 patients7 have7 more7 severe7 physical7 symptoms,7 which7 usually7 result7 in7emotion
al7 distress,7 such7 as7 depression.7 Nurses7 need7 to7 actively7 assess7 cardiac7 patients7 for7depression,7 e
specially7 those7 in7 higher7 NYHA7 classes,7 so7 they7 might7 be7 diagnosed777and7treated7 as7 need
ed.
8. What7frequency7and7percent77of77cardiac77patients77in77this77study77were77not77being77trea7ted
7with7an7antidepressant? 7Show 7your 7calculations7 and7round7your 7 answer 7to77the7nearest7 w
hole7 percent7 (%).
Answer:7 A7 total7 of7 1067 cardiac7 patients7 participated7 in77 this77 study.77 The77 sample77 inc7luded
1577patients77who77were77receiving777an777antidepressant777(see777Table7771).777The777numb7er7
of7 cardiac7 patients7 not7 treated7 for7 depression7 was7 917 (1067 –
157 =7 91).7 The7 group7 percent7 is7 calculated77 by77 the77 following77 formula:77 (group77 frequ7ency
7 ÷7 total 7 sample 77 size) 77 ×7 100%. 77 For 77 this77 study, 77(9177 patients 77 ÷7 10677 sample77 siz7e) 77×71
00%77=70.85877×7100%777=785.8%777=786%.777The777final77answer777is777rounded777to777t7he77 nearest7
7 whole77 percent77 as77 directed77 in77 the77 question. 77 You77 could 77 have 77 also77 subtracte 7d7 the77 14% 77 o
f77 patients77treated77 with77antidepressants77from77 100%77and77 obtained77the77 86%7who7 were7 not7 tre
ated7 with7 an7 antidepressant.
t.7 What77 was77 the77 purpose77 of77 the775-
minute7 walk77test77(5MWT)?77 Would77the775MWT77 be77 useful77in77clinical77 practice?
Answer:7 Ha7 et77al.7 (2018)7 stated,7 “The7 6-
min7 walk7 test7 (6MWT)7is7 a77measure77of7 the7 submaximal,77steady-
state7functional7 capacity”7 of7 cardiac7 patients.7 This7test7 would7be7a7 quick,7 easy7 way77to7deter
mine7 a7 cardiac7 patient’s7 functional7 status7 in7 a7 clinical77 setting.77 This77 functional7status7
score7 could7 be7 used7 to7 determine7 the7 treatment7 plan7 to7 promote7 or7 maintain
