Solution Manual for V V
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V 6
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
6
Based Practice 3rd Editio
6 V V V 6
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
The6 questions6 are6 in6 bold6 followed6 by6 answers.
1. In6Table61,6identify6the6level6 of6 measurement6 for66the66current66therapy66 variable.66 Pr6ovide6
a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6The6current6 therapy66variable6was6measured66at66the66nominal6 level.6These6drug6 c6ate
gories6were6probably6developed6to6be6exhaustive6for6this6study66and66included66the66cate6gories6
of6drugs6the6subjects6were66receiving.66However,66the66categories66are66not66exclusive,6since6pati
ents6 are6usually6on6 more6than6one66 category66 of66these66 drugs66to66manage66their66 h6ealth6 proble
ms.6 The6current6therapies6 are6 not6 measured6 at6 the6 ordinal6 level6 because6 they6cannot6be6ran
k66ordered,66since66no66drug66category66can66be66considered66more66or66less66benefi6cial6 than6 anoth
er6 drug6 category6 (see6 Figure6 1-1;6 Grove6 &6 Gray,6 2019).
2. What6 is6the6 mode6for6the6current66 therapy66 variable66 in66this66study?66 Provide66 a66ratio6nale6
for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6 The6 mode6 for6 current6 therapy6 was6 β6 blocker.6 A6 total6 of6 1006 (94%)6 of6 the6 cardiac6 patie6nts
were6 receiving6 this6 category6 of66 drug,66 which66 was66 the66 most66 common66 prescribed66 drug66 for66 t6his6
sample.
3. What6statistics6 were6 conducted66to6describe6the6 BMI6 of6the66cardiac6patients6in6 this6sampl
e?6 Discuss6 whether6these66analysis66techniques66 were66 appropriate66or66inappropri6ate.
Answer:6BMI6was6described6with6a6mean6and6standard6deviation6(SD).6BMI6measurement6result
ed6in6ratio-
level6data6with6continuous6values6and6an66absolute66zero66(Stone66&66Frazier,662017).66Ratio-
6level6data 66should66be66analyzed 66with66parametric 66statistics 66such66as66the66mean66and66SD6(Gro6ve
6 & 66Gray, 6 2017;6 Knapp, 6 2017).
4. Researchers6used6the6following6item6to6measure6registered6nurses’6(RNs)6 income6 in6 a6study:
6 What6 category6identifies6 your6 current6income6 as6an6 RN?
a.6 Less6 than6 $50,000
b.6 $50,000 to 59,999
c.6 $60,000 to 69,999
d.6 $70,000 to 80,000
e.6 $80,000 or greater
What6 level6 of66 measurement66is66this66income66variable?66 Does66the66income66variable66follo6w6
the6rules6 outlined6 in6 Figure6 1-1?6 Provide6 a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6 In6this6example,6the6income6variable6is6measured6at6the6ordinal6 level.6 The6 income6catego-
ries6 are6 exhaustive,6 ranging6 from6 less6 than6 $50,0006 to6 greater6 than6 $80,000.6 The6 two6 op6en-ended
,AG6 1-1
, AG6 1-2 Answer6 Guidelines6 for6 Questions6 to6 Be6 Graded
categories6 ensure6 that6 all6 salary6 levels6 are6 covered.6 The6 categories6 are6 not6 exclusive,6 sinc6e
6 catego-
ries66(d)66 and66(e)66 include66 an66 $80,00066 salary,66so66study66 participants66 making66 $80,00066 migh6t6
mark6either6(d)6 or66(e)66 or66 both66 categories,66 resulting66 in66erroneous66 data.66 Category66(e)66 c6ould6
be6changed66 to66greater66than66 $80,000,66 making66the66 categories66 exclusive.66The66categor6ies6 can6
6 be66rank 66 ordered66from 66 the66lowest66 salary66 to66the66 highest 66 salary, 66 which66 is 66 consiste 6nt6 with6 or
dinal6 data6 (Grove6 &6 Gray,6 2019;6 Waltz6 et6 al.,6 2017).
5. What6 level6 of6 measurement6 is6 the6 CDS6 score?6 Provide6 a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.6
Answer:6 The66 CDS66score66is66 at66the66interval66level66 of66 measurement.66 The66 CDS66 is66 a66 26-
6item 66 Likert66 scale 66developed 66 to66 measure 66 depression 66 in66 cardiac 66 patients. 66 Study66 participant6s
6 rated 6 their6 symp-
toms6 on6 a6scale6 of6 16to67,6 with6 higher6 numbers6 indicating6 increased6 severity6in6the6depressi
on6 symptoms.6 The6total6 scores6for6 each6subject6 obtained6from6this6 multi-
item6scale66are66considered66to66be66at66the66interval66level66 of66 measurement66(Gray66et66al.,66 2017
;6 Waltz66et66 al.,662017).
5.6Were6nonparametric6or6parametric6analysis6techniques66used66to66analyze66the66CDS66sc6o
res6 for6the6 cardiac6 patients6 in6this6study?6 Provide6 a6rationale66 for66 your66answer.6Answe
r:6 Parametric6 statistics,6such6as6mean6and66SD,66were66 conducted66to66 describe66 CDS6scores
for6 study6 participants6 (see6 Table6 1).6 CDS6 scores6 are6 interval-
level6data6as6indicated6in6Questions665,66so66parametric66statistics66are66appropriate66for66this66le6ve
l6 of6 data6 (Gray6 et6 al.,6 2017;6 Kim6 &6 Mallory,6 2017).
7. Is6the6 prevalence6 of6 depression6linked6to6the6 NYHA6 class?6 Discuss6 the6clinical6 im6portanc
e6 of6 this6 result.
Answer:6 The6study66narrative66indicated66that66 the66 prevalence66of66 depression66 increased66with6the
6 greater6 NYHA6 class. 6 In 6 NYHA 6 class 6 III, 6 64% 6 of6 the6 subjects 6 were6 depressed,6 where6as6 1
1%6 of6 the6subjects6 were6 depressed6 in6 NYHA6 class6 I.6 Thus,6 as6 the6 NYHA6 class6 incr6eased,
6 the6 number6 of 6 sub-
jects6 with6 depression6 increased.6 This6 is6 an6 expected6 finding6 because6 as6 the6 NYHA6 class6incr
eases,6 cardiac6 patients6 have6 more6 severe6 physical6 symptoms,6 which6 usually6 result6 in6emotion
al6 distress,6 such6 as6 depression.6 Nurses6 need6 to6 actively6 assess6 cardiac6 patients6 for6depression,6 e
specially6 those6 in6 higher6 NYHA6 classes,6 so6 they6 might6 be6 diagnosed666and6treated6 as6 need
ed.
8. What6frequency6and6percent66of66cardiac66patients66in66this66study66were66not66being66trea6ted
6with6an6antidepressant? 6Show 6your 6calculations6 and6round6your 6 answer 6to66the6nearest6 w
hole6 percent6 (%).
Answer:6 A6 total6 of6 1066 cardiac6 patients6 participated6 in66 this66 study.66 The66 sample66 inc6luded
1566patients66who66were66receiving666an666antidepressant666(see666Table6661).666The666numb6er6
of6 cardiac6 patients6 not6 treated6 for6 depression6 was6 916 (1066 –
156 =6 91).6 The6 group6 percent6 is6 calculated66 by66 the66 following66 formula:66 (group66 frequ6ency
6 ÷6 total 6 sample 66 size) 66 ×6 100%. 66 For 66 this66 study, 66(9166 patients 66 ÷6 10666 sample66 siz6e) 66×61
00%66=60.85866×6100%666=685.8%666=686%.666The666final66answer666is666rounded666to666t6he66 nearest6
6 whole66 percent66 as66 directed 66 in66 the66 question. 66 You66 could66 have 66 also66 subtracte 6d6 the66 14% 66 o
f66 patients66treated66 with66antidepressants66from66 100%66and66 obtained66the66 86%6who6 were6 not6 tre
ated6 with6 an6 antidepressant.
t.6 What66 was66 the66 purpose66 of66 the665-
minute6 walk66test66(5MWT)?66 Would66the665MWT66 be66 useful66in66clinical66 practice?
Answer:6 Ha6 et66al.6 (2018)6 stated,6 “The6 6-
min6 walk6 test6 (6MWT)6is6 a66measure66of6 the6 submaximal,66steady-
state6functional6 capacity”6 of6 cardiac6 patients.6 This6test6 would6be6a6 quick,6 easy6 way66to6deter
mine6 a6 cardiac6 patient’s6 functional6 status6 in6 a6 clinical66 setting.66 This66 functional6status6
score6 could6 be6 used6 to6 determine6 the6 treatment6 plan6 to6 promote6 or6 maintain
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V 6
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
dence-
6
Based Practice 3rd Editio
6 V V V 6
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
The6 questions6 are6 in6 bold6 followed6 by6 answers.
1. In6Table61,6identify6the6level6 of6 measurement6 for66the66current66therapy66 variable.66 Pr6ovide6
a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6The6current6 therapy66variable6was6measured66at66the66nominal6 level.6These6drug6 c6ate
gories6were6probably6developed6to6be6exhaustive6for6this6study66and66included66the66cate6gories6
of6drugs6the6subjects6were66receiving.66However,66the66categories66are66not66exclusive,6since6pati
ents6 are6usually6on6 more6than6one66 category66 of66these66 drugs66to66manage66their66 h6ealth6 proble
ms.6 The6current6therapies6 are6 not6 measured6 at6 the6 ordinal6 level6 because6 they6cannot6be6ran
k66ordered,66since66no66drug66category66can66be66considered66more66or66less66benefi6cial6 than6 anoth
er6 drug6 category6 (see6 Figure6 1-1;6 Grove6 &6 Gray,6 2019).
2. What6 is6the6 mode6for6the6current66 therapy66 variable66 in66this66study?66 Provide66 a66ratio6nale6
for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6 The6 mode6 for6 current6 therapy6 was6 β6 blocker.6 A6 total6 of6 1006 (94%)6 of6 the6 cardiac6 patie6nts
were6 receiving6 this6 category6 of66 drug,66 which66 was66 the66 most66 common66 prescribed66 drug66 for66 t6his6
sample.
3. What6statistics6 were6 conducted66to6describe6the6 BMI6 of6the66cardiac6patients6in6 this6sampl
e?6 Discuss6 whether6these66analysis66techniques66 were66 appropriate66or66inappropri6ate.
Answer:6BMI6was6described6with6a6mean6and6standard6deviation6(SD).6BMI6measurement6result
ed6in6ratio-
level6data6with6continuous6values6and6an66absolute66zero66(Stone66&66Frazier,662017).66Ratio-
6level6data 66should66be66analyzed 66with66parametric 66statistics 66such66as66the66mean66and66SD6(Gro6ve
6 & 66Gray, 6 2017;6 Knapp, 6 2017).
4. Researchers6used6the6following6item6to6measure6registered6nurses’6(RNs)6 income6 in6 a6study:
6 What6 category6identifies6 your6 current6income6 as6an6 RN?
a.6 Less6 than6 $50,000
b.6 $50,000 to 59,999
c.6 $60,000 to 69,999
d.6 $70,000 to 80,000
e.6 $80,000 or greater
What6 level6 of66 measurement66is66this66income66variable?66 Does66the66income66variable66follo6w6
the6rules6 outlined6 in6 Figure6 1-1?6 Provide6 a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.
Answer:6 In6this6example,6the6income6variable6is6measured6at6the6ordinal6 level.6 The6 income6catego-
ries6 are6 exhaustive,6 ranging6 from6 less6 than6 $50,0006 to6 greater6 than6 $80,000.6 The6 two6 op6en-ended
,AG6 1-1
, AG6 1-2 Answer6 Guidelines6 for6 Questions6 to6 Be6 Graded
categories6 ensure6 that6 all6 salary6 levels6 are6 covered.6 The6 categories6 are6 not6 exclusive,6 sinc6e
6 catego-
ries66(d)66 and66(e)66 include66 an66 $80,00066 salary,66so66study66 participants66 making66 $80,00066 migh6t6
mark6either6(d)6 or66(e)66 or66 both66 categories,66 resulting66 in66erroneous66 data.66 Category66(e)66 c6ould6
be6changed66 to66greater66than66 $80,000,66 making66the66 categories66 exclusive.66The66categor6ies6 can6
6 be66rank 66 ordered66from 66 the66lowest66 salary66 to66the66 highest 66 salary, 66 which66 is 66 consiste 6nt6 with6 or
dinal6 data6 (Grove6 &6 Gray,6 2019;6 Waltz6 et6 al.,6 2017).
5. What6 level6 of6 measurement6 is6 the6 CDS6 score?6 Provide6 a6 rationale6 for6 your6 answer.6
Answer:6 The66 CDS66score66is66 at66the66interval66level66 of66 measurement.66 The66 CDS66 is66 a66 26-
6item 66 Likert66 scale 66developed 66 to66 measure 66 depression 66 in66 cardiac 66 patients. 66 Study66 participant6s
6 rated 6 their6 symp-
toms6 on6 a6scale6 of6 16to67,6 with6 higher6 numbers6 indicating6 increased6 severity6in6the6depressi
on6 symptoms.6 The6total6 scores6for6 each6subject6 obtained6from6this6 multi-
item6scale66are66considered66to66be66at66the66interval66level66 of66 measurement66(Gray66et66al.,66 2017
;6 Waltz66et66 al.,662017).
5.6Were6nonparametric6or6parametric6analysis6techniques66used66to66analyze66the66CDS66sc6o
res6 for6the6 cardiac6 patients6 in6this6study?6 Provide6 a6rationale66 for66 your66answer.6Answe
r:6 Parametric6 statistics,6such6as6mean6and66SD,66were66 conducted66to66 describe66 CDS6scores
for6 study6 participants6 (see6 Table6 1).6 CDS6 scores6 are6 interval-
level6data6as6indicated6in6Questions665,66so66parametric66statistics66are66appropriate66for66this66le6ve
l6 of6 data6 (Gray6 et6 al.,6 2017;6 Kim6 &6 Mallory,6 2017).
7. Is6the6 prevalence6 of6 depression6linked6to6the6 NYHA6 class?6 Discuss6 the6clinical6 im6portanc
e6 of6 this6 result.
Answer:6 The6study66narrative66indicated66that66 the66 prevalence66of66 depression66 increased66with6the
6 greater6 NYHA6 class. 6 In 6 NYHA 6 class 6 III, 6 64% 6 of6 the6 subjects 6 were6 depressed,6 where6as6 1
1%6 of6 the6subjects6 were6 depressed6 in6 NYHA6 class6 I.6 Thus,6 as6 the6 NYHA6 class6 incr6eased,
6 the6 number6 of 6 sub-
jects6 with6 depression6 increased.6 This6 is6 an6 expected6 finding6 because6 as6 the6 NYHA6 class6incr
eases,6 cardiac6 patients6 have6 more6 severe6 physical6 symptoms,6 which6 usually6 result6 in6emotion
al6 distress,6 such6 as6 depression.6 Nurses6 need6 to6 actively6 assess6 cardiac6 patients6 for6depression,6 e
specially6 those6 in6 higher6 NYHA6 classes,6 so6 they6 might6 be6 diagnosed666and6treated6 as6 need
ed.
8. What6frequency6and6percent66of66cardiac66patients66in66this66study66were66not66being66trea6ted
6with6an6antidepressant? 6Show 6your 6calculations6 and6round6your 6 answer 6to66the6nearest6 w
hole6 percent6 (%).
Answer:6 A6 total6 of6 1066 cardiac6 patients6 participated6 in66 this66 study.66 The66 sample66 inc6luded
1566patients66who66were66receiving666an666antidepressant666(see666Table6661).666The666numb6er6
of6 cardiac6 patients6 not6 treated6 for6 depression6 was6 916 (1066 –
156 =6 91).6 The6 group6 percent6 is6 calculated66 by66 the66 following66 formula:66 (group66 frequ6ency
6 ÷6 total 6 sample 66 size) 66 ×6 100%. 66 For 66 this66 study, 66(9166 patients 66 ÷6 10666 sample66 siz6e) 66×61
00%66=60.85866×6100%666=685.8%666=686%.666The666final66answer666is666rounded666to666t6he66 nearest6
6 whole66 percent66 as66 directed 66 in66 the66 question. 66 You66 could66 have 66 also66 subtracte 6d6 the66 14% 66 o
f66 patients66treated66 with66antidepressants66from66 100%66and66 obtained66the66 86%6who6 were6 not6 tre
ated6 with6 an6 antidepressant.
t.6 What66 was66 the66 purpose66 of66 the665-
minute6 walk66test66(5MWT)?66 Would66the665MWT66 be66 useful66in66clinical66 practice?
Answer:6 Ha6 et66al.6 (2018)6 stated,6 “The6 6-
min6 walk6 test6 (6MWT)6is6 a66measure66of6 the6 submaximal,66steady-
state6functional6 capacity”6 of6 cardiac6 patients.6 This6test6 would6be6a6 quick,6 easy6 way66to6deter
mine6 a6 cardiac6 patient’s6 functional6 status6 in6 a6 clinical66 setting.66 This66 functional6status6
score6 could6 be6 used6 to6 determine6 the6 treatment6 plan6 to6 promote6 or6 maintain
