Test bank for Recognition of Cells by the Immune system
Why would the loss of water kill bacterial/plant cells? - Answers Loss of water will stop metabolic
reactions
How is the concentration gradient of glucose (higher in the illeum, lower in the bloodstream)
maintained? - Answers Blood is constantly being circulated by the heart, the glucose absorbed into the
bloodstream is taken around the body and used in aerobic respiration.
This helps to maintain the concentration gradient and maintain the rate of diffusion.
5.2 - Why is phagocytosis necessary? - Answers At the end of phagocytosis, phagocytes present antigens
on their cell surface membrane. These foreign antigens are recognised by T-cells and initiate the specific
immune response.
5.3 - State 4 features of memory cells (both B and T) - Answers - Circulate in the blood
- Provide an immunological memory
_ Present after an immune response
- Speed up response to another infections by the same pathogen
What are the four stages of an immune response? - Answers 1) Phagocytes engulf pathogens
2)Phagocytes activate T-cellsT-cells activate B-cells that divide into plasma cellsPlasma cells produce
antibodies for the antigen
What is a secondary response? - Answers The immune system can respond fast when it recognises
antigens from the same pathogen upon reinfectionClonal selection is fasterMemory B-cells get activated
to divide into plasma cellsMemory T-cells get activated to divide into T-cells to kill the cell with the
antigenOften no symptoms occur since it is such a fast response
What are two issues with taking a vaccine orally? - Answers - The enzymes in the gut may break down
the oral tablet
- The molecules of the vaccine could be too large to be absorbed into the gut
What is antigenic variation and what is its consequence? - Answers - When pathogens change their
surface antigens
- The immune system cannot recognise this new antigen, and the memory cells do not recognise it
- A primary response must occur, which takes time and gives the individual symptoms
How do countries combat the antigenic variation amongst influenza: - Answers - Different strains arise
every year
, - New vaccines are developed and chosen every year
- Governments and health authorities have vaccinator programmes for the most effective vaccine that
year
What is an ELISA Test used for? - Answers Used to see if patients have antibodies for certain antigens
How does HIV infect a host? - Answers - Infects and kills helper T-cells (the host cells)
- Their role in the immune response is stopped
- AIDS occurs when the number of helper T-cells in the body reaches a low level
What organelles does the HIV require form the host T-helper cell and why? - Answers Needs the
enzymes and ribosomes to enable it to reproduce
How can HIV be spread? - Answers - Unprotected sexual intercourse Infected bodily fluids (such as
blood)
- From mother to foetus
Recall 2 ways to diagnose AIDs. MS [2] - Answers - check for AIDs-related symptoms
- Number of Th cells
How do yeast cells replicate? - Answers budding
What is Active immunity: - Answers Immunity created by your own body. This is through getting
symptoms yourself and being exposed to a pathogen. Antibodies and memory cells are created . Artifical
Active immunity: is a vaccine
What is a vaccine: - Answers A vaccine is a dead or attenuated pathogen which are introduced orally or
via an injection.
What is the purpose of a vaccine? - Answers - Exposure of antigens activate the B-cells which secrete
antibodies through clonal selection.
- Mitosis occurs, causing the production of plasma cells or memory b cells.
- plasma cells secrete antibodies
- acts as an active immunity source, benefits secondary immunity.
What is herd immunity? - Answers Where the majorty of a population are vaccinated, reducing the
chance of spreading the pathogen.
How does HIV replicate? - Answers Transported in the blood until it attaches onto a CD4 protein
(attachtment protein on helper t cell)HIV capsule fuses with the helper - t - cell, enabling the RNA and
Why would the loss of water kill bacterial/plant cells? - Answers Loss of water will stop metabolic
reactions
How is the concentration gradient of glucose (higher in the illeum, lower in the bloodstream)
maintained? - Answers Blood is constantly being circulated by the heart, the glucose absorbed into the
bloodstream is taken around the body and used in aerobic respiration.
This helps to maintain the concentration gradient and maintain the rate of diffusion.
5.2 - Why is phagocytosis necessary? - Answers At the end of phagocytosis, phagocytes present antigens
on their cell surface membrane. These foreign antigens are recognised by T-cells and initiate the specific
immune response.
5.3 - State 4 features of memory cells (both B and T) - Answers - Circulate in the blood
- Provide an immunological memory
_ Present after an immune response
- Speed up response to another infections by the same pathogen
What are the four stages of an immune response? - Answers 1) Phagocytes engulf pathogens
2)Phagocytes activate T-cellsT-cells activate B-cells that divide into plasma cellsPlasma cells produce
antibodies for the antigen
What is a secondary response? - Answers The immune system can respond fast when it recognises
antigens from the same pathogen upon reinfectionClonal selection is fasterMemory B-cells get activated
to divide into plasma cellsMemory T-cells get activated to divide into T-cells to kill the cell with the
antigenOften no symptoms occur since it is such a fast response
What are two issues with taking a vaccine orally? - Answers - The enzymes in the gut may break down
the oral tablet
- The molecules of the vaccine could be too large to be absorbed into the gut
What is antigenic variation and what is its consequence? - Answers - When pathogens change their
surface antigens
- The immune system cannot recognise this new antigen, and the memory cells do not recognise it
- A primary response must occur, which takes time and gives the individual symptoms
How do countries combat the antigenic variation amongst influenza: - Answers - Different strains arise
every year
, - New vaccines are developed and chosen every year
- Governments and health authorities have vaccinator programmes for the most effective vaccine that
year
What is an ELISA Test used for? - Answers Used to see if patients have antibodies for certain antigens
How does HIV infect a host? - Answers - Infects and kills helper T-cells (the host cells)
- Their role in the immune response is stopped
- AIDS occurs when the number of helper T-cells in the body reaches a low level
What organelles does the HIV require form the host T-helper cell and why? - Answers Needs the
enzymes and ribosomes to enable it to reproduce
How can HIV be spread? - Answers - Unprotected sexual intercourse Infected bodily fluids (such as
blood)
- From mother to foetus
Recall 2 ways to diagnose AIDs. MS [2] - Answers - check for AIDs-related symptoms
- Number of Th cells
How do yeast cells replicate? - Answers budding
What is Active immunity: - Answers Immunity created by your own body. This is through getting
symptoms yourself and being exposed to a pathogen. Antibodies and memory cells are created . Artifical
Active immunity: is a vaccine
What is a vaccine: - Answers A vaccine is a dead or attenuated pathogen which are introduced orally or
via an injection.
What is the purpose of a vaccine? - Answers - Exposure of antigens activate the B-cells which secrete
antibodies through clonal selection.
- Mitosis occurs, causing the production of plasma cells or memory b cells.
- plasma cells secrete antibodies
- acts as an active immunity source, benefits secondary immunity.
What is herd immunity? - Answers Where the majorty of a population are vaccinated, reducing the
chance of spreading the pathogen.
How does HIV replicate? - Answers Transported in the blood until it attaches onto a CD4 protein
(attachtment protein on helper t cell)HIV capsule fuses with the helper - t - cell, enabling the RNA and
