ADVANCED PATHO-ALTERED CELLULAR FUNCTION AND CANCER(STUDY GUIDE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

ADVANCED PATHO-ALTERED
CELLULAR FUNCTION AND
CANCER(STUDY GUIDE) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
AtrophyV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVshrinkVP:VmechanismVnotVcompletelyVunderstood,VbutVbelievedVtoVbeVanVimbalanceVbet

weenVproteinVsynthesisVandVdegradation.VEssentiallyVthereVisVanVincreaseVinVtheVcatabolismVofVintracellula
rVorganelles,VreducingVstructuralVcomponentsVofVcellVEx:VdecreaseVinVmuscleVsizeVfromVinactivity



HypertrophyV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVincreaseVinVsizeVP:VCausedVbyVhormonalVstimulationVorVincreasedVfunctionalVdemand,Vw

hichVincreasedVtheVcellularVproteinVinVtheVplasmaVmembrane,VendoplasmicVreticulum,Vmyofilaments,Vand
VmitochondriaV(notVcellularVfluid)VEx:VLVventricularVhypertrophy




HyperplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVincreaseVinVnumber,VmitosisVmustVoccurVsizeVofVcellVdoesVnotVchangeVP:VincreasedVrateVo

fVdivision,VincreaseVinVtissueVmassVafterVdamageVorVpartialVresectionVEx:VremoveVpartVofVliver,VliverVregene
rates



DysplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VcellsVabnormalVchangesVinVshape,Vsize,VorganizationVP:VcausedVbyVcellVinjury/irritation,Vcharac

terizedVbyVdisorderedVcellVgrowth.VakaVatypicalVhyperplasiaVorVpre-
cancerVEx:papVsmearsVoftenVshowVdysplasticVcellsVofVtheVcervixVthatVmustVundergoVlaser/surgicalVtx



MetaplasiaV-
VANSWERVE:VreversibleVchange,VoneVtypeVofVcellVchangesVtoVanotherVtypeVforVsurvivalVP:VresultsVfromVexp

osureVofVtheVcellsVtoVchronicVstressors,Vinjury,VorVirritationVEx:VColumnarVcellsVchangeVtoVsquamousVcellsVi
nVlungsVofVsmoker



AtrophyV-VANSWERVPhysiologic:VshrinkingVofVthymusVduringVchildhoodPathologic:V-
paralyzedVperson,VskeletalVmuscleVatrophy-
occursVasVresultVofVdecreaseVinVworkload,Vpressure,Vuse,VbloodVsupply,Vnutrition,VhormonalVstimulation,Vo
rVnervousVstimulation

, HypertrophyV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:skeletalVmuscleVhypertrophyVforVpersonsVdoingVheavyVwork/weightVlifting.VoneVkidn

eyVremoved,VtheVotherVkidneyVincreasesVinVsizeVtoVaccommodateVforVworkloadPathologic:CardiomegalyVr
esultsVfromVHTNVorVheartVvalveVproblems



HyperplasiaV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:VremovalVofVpartVofVtheVliverVleadVtoVhyperplasiaVofVhepatocytes.VuterineVorVmamm

aryVglandVenlargementVduringVpregnancyVPathologic:abnormalVproliferationVofVnormalVcellsVusuallyVcause
dVbyVincreasedVhormonalVstimulation.VincreaseVofVproductionVofVlocalVgrowthVfactors



DysplasiaV-
VANSWERVPhysiologic:IsVnotVaVtrueVadaptiveVprocessVPathologic:DysplasticVcellsVofVcervixVfoundVonVPapVs

mear.



MetaplasiaV-VANSWERVPhysiologic:VBarrettVEsophagus-
VnormalVsquamousVcellsVchangeVtoVcolumnarVepithelialVcellsVinVresponseVtoVreflux,VakaVintestinalVmetapla

siaVPathologic:VSmokers-
VnormalVciliatedVepithelialVcellsVofVtheVbronchialVliningsVareVreplacedVbyVstratifiedVsquamousVepithelialVcel

ls.VCancerVcanVariseVfromVthisVarea,VstimulusVinducesVaVreprogrammingVofVstemVcellsVunderVtheVinfluenceV
ofVcytokinesVandVgrowthVfactors



HypoxicVInjuryV-
VANSWERVEtiology:decreasedVO2,lossVofVHgbVorVHgbVfunction,VdecreasedVRBCVproduction,VdiseaseVofVhea

rt/lungs,VischemiaVClinicalVManifestations:VischemiaVwhichVprogressesVtoVhypoxia.VIntracellularVenzymesVa
sVfollows:VCK-mostVmuscleVcells,VincludingVheart,LDH-
VmuscleVcells,VliverVcells,VheartVcells,VRBCs,Vbrain,AST-VliverVcells,ALT-VliverVcellsVTroponin-

VcardiacVcellsVPatho:VlackVofVO2VcausesVdecreaseVinVmitochondrialVfunction,VcausingVdecreaseVATPVproduct

ionVandVincreasesVanaerobicVmetabolismV(generatingVATPVfromVglycogen),VeventuallyVanaerobicVmetaboli
smVwillVstopVandVtheVcellVwillVdie.VReductionVofVATPVimpairsVNa/KVpump,VleadsVtoVincreasedVNa/CaVinVcell,
VKVisVdiffusedVoutVofVcell,VwaterVdiffusesVintoVcellVcausingVswelling,VribosomalVdilationVandVmalfunctionVoc

cur.VRibosomesVproducesVproteinVandVwhenVitVmalfunctionsVcausesVdecreaseVinVproteinVsynthesis.VDeathV
willVoccurVifVinjuryVisVnotVstopped.



FreeVRadicalVandVReactiveVOxygenVSpeciesV(ROS)V-VANSWERVEtiology:FreeVRadical-
VhaveVunpairedVelectronVinVitsVouterVshell,VmakingVmoleculeVunstableVandVhighlyVreactive.VakaVbeingVoxidi

zedVROS-byproductVofVATPVproductionVinVtheVmitochondriaVClinicalVManif:VFR-
VtoVstabilizeVself,VitVwillVstealVanVelectronVfromVanotherVmoleculeVorVgiveVupVanVelectron.VTheVfreeVradicalV

willVoftenVstealVanVelectronVfromVanotherVmolecule,VmakingVthatVmoleculeVaVfreeVradicalVROS-
VcanVoverwhelmVmitochondriaVandVexhaustVintracellularVantioxidants,VcausingVcellVinjury/diseaseVPatho:V